A complete toolset for the study of Ustilago bromivora and Brachypodium sp. as a fungal-temperate grass pathosystem

Rabe, Franziska; Bosch, Jason; Stirnberg, Alexandra; Guse, Tilo; Bauer, Lisa; Seitner, Denise; Rabanal, Fernando A.; Czedik‐Eysenberg, Angelika; Uhse, Simon; Bindics, János; Genenncher, Bianca; Navarrete, Fernando; Kellner, Ronny; Ekker, Heinz; Kumlehn, Jochen; Vogel, John P.; Gordon, Sean P.; Marcel, Thierry C.; Münsterkötter, Martin; Walter, Mathias C.; Sieber, Christian M. K.; Mannhaupt, Gertrud; Güldener, Ulrich; Kahmann, Regine; Djamei, Armin

doi:10.7554/elife.20522

Cited by 52 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Moreover, the current setup is of high practical use for work in the U. bromivora – B . distachyon model system (Rabe et al ., ), because it may drastically shorten the time to evaluate infection outcome, for example in fungal virulence factor or host R‐gene mutants, and allow for the targeted study of the infection stages before qualitative symptom establishment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ‘PhenoBox’, a flexible, automated, open‐source plant phenotyping solution

et al. 2018

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SummaryThere is a need for flexible and affordable plant phenotyping solutions for basic research and plant breeding.We demonstrate our open source plant imaging and processing solution ('PhenoBox'/ 'PhenoPipe') and provide construction plans, source code and documentation to rebuild the system. Use of the PhenoBox is exemplified by studying infection of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon by the head smut fungus Ustilago bromivora, comparing phenotypic responses of maize to infection with a solopathogenic Ustilago maydis (corn smut) strain and effector deletion strains, and studying salt stress response in Nicotiana benthamiana.In U. bromivora-infected grass, phenotypic differences between infected and uninfected plants were detectable weeks before qualitative head smut symptoms. Based on this, we could predict the infection outcome for individual plants with high accuracy. Using a PhenoPipe module for calculation of multi-dimensional distances from phenotyping data, we observe a time after infection-dependent impact of U. maydis effector deletion strains on phenotypic response in maize. The PhenoBox/PhenoPipe system is able to detect established salt stress responses in N. benthamiana.We have developed an affordable, automated, open source imaging and data processing solution that can be adapted to various phenotyping applications in plant biology and beyond.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21°C with the fungal solution for 12–24 h. Seedlings were subsequently planted and vernalized as described by Rabe et al . (). Plants flowered c .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘PhenoBox’, a flexible, automated, open‐source plant phenotyping solution

et al. 2018

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“…In smut fungi, effectors are often found in clusters as a result of gene duplication events followed by this accelerated evolution. This has led to a relatively low degree of conservation among smut effectors in general (Kämper et al, ; Laurie et al, ; Rabe et al, ; Schirawski et al, ). In this respect, Cce1 is an atypical smut effector as it is not clustered with other putative effector genes and does not have any paralogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The core effector Cce1 is required for early infection of maize by Ustilago maydis

Seitner

Uhse

Gallei

et al. 2018

Molecular Plant Pathology

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The biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis, the causative agent of corn smut disease, infects one of the most important crops worldwide - Zea mays. To successfully colonize its host, U. maydis secretes proteins, known as effectors, that suppress plant defense responses and facilitate the establishment of biotrophy. In this work, we describe the U. maydis effector protein Cce1. Cce1 is essential for virulence and is upregulated during infection. Through microscopic analysis and in vitro assays, we show that Cce1 is secreted from hyphae during filamentous growth of the fungus. Strikingly, Δcce1 mutants are blocked at early stages of infection and induce callose deposition as a plant defense response. Cce1 is highly conserved among smut fungi and the Ustilago bromivora ortholog complemented the virulence defect of the SG200Δcce1 deletion strain. These data indicate that Cce1 is a core effector with apoplastic localization that is essential for U. maydis to infect its host.

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“…Complete genomes of five species of closely-related genera and varying in mating-type organization are available: tetrapolar U. maydis (116) and Sporisorium reilianum (117), and the bipolar species U. hordei , with the HD and P/R loci 430 – 500 kb apart (118), Sporisorium scitamineum , with the HD and P/R loci 59 kb apart (119, 120) (Fig. 3B) and Ustilago bromivora , with the HD and P/R loci 183 kb apart (121). By comparing chromosomal rearrangements between U. maydis, U. hordei and S. reilianum , it was suggested that the tetrapolar organization in the S. reilianum lineage was ancestral, and that part of S. reilianum chromosome 1 harboring the HD locus was translocated to its chromosome 20 harboring the P/R locus, to generate the bipolar organization in U. hordei (118).…”

Section: Breeding Systems In the Basidiomycotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Sex: The Basidiomycota

et al. 2017

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SUMMARY Fungi of the Basidiomycota, representing major pathogen lineages and mushroom-forming species, exhibit diverse means to achieve sexual reproduction, with particularly varied mechanisms to determine compatibilities of haploid mating partners. For species that require mating between distinct genotypes, discrimination is usually based on both the reciprocal exchange of diffusible mating pheromones, rather than sexes, and the interactions of homeodomain protein signals after cell fusion. Both compatibility factors must be heterozygous in the product of mating, and genetic linkage relationships of the mating pheromone/receptor and homeodomain genes largely determine the complex patterns of mating-type variation. Independent segregation of the two compatibility factors can create four haploid mating genotypes from meiosis, referred to as tetrapolarity. This condition is thought to be ancestral to the basidiomycetes. Alternatively, co-segregation by linkage of the two mating factors, or in some cases the absence of the pheromone-based discrimination, yields only two mating types from meiosis, referred to as bipolarity. Several species are now known to have large and highly rearranged chromosomal regions linked to mating-type genes. At the population level, polymorphism of the mating-type genes is an exceptional aspect of some basidiomycete fungi, where selection under outcrossing for rare, intercompatible allelic variants is thought to be responsible for mating types that may number several thousand. Advances in genome sequencing and assembly are yielding new insights by comparative approaches among and within basidiomycete species, with the promise to resolve the evolutionary origins and dynamics of mating compatibility genetics in this major eukaryotic lineage.

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A complete toolset for the study of Ustilago bromivora and Brachypodium sp. as a fungal-temperate grass pathosystem

Cited by 52 publications

References 124 publications

The ‘PhenoBox’, a flexible, automated, open‐source plant phenotyping solution

The ‘PhenoBox’, a flexible, automated, open‐source plant phenotyping solution

The core effector Cce1 is required for early infection of maize by Ustilago maydis

Fungal Sex: The Basidiomycota

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