A compilation of precisely determined gamma-transition energies of radionuclides produced by reactor irradiation

A method for separation of iodine species from water has been developed. It is based on liquid-liquid extraction and separation is achieved in four extraction steps. A system based on this method for continuous separation of iodine species using mixersettlers has been developed. It consists of four mixer-settler batteries with 4,4,6 and 6 mixer-settler stages each. As organic phase an aliphatic kerosene is used and the separation is improved if the organic solvent has been pretreated with iodine carrier, stripped and washed. With an aqueous feed flowrate of 10 ml/min and mixer-settler battery phase flowratios of approximately 0.1 except for the elementary iodine strip battery with a phase flowratio of 1, the system separation performance is 92% for methyl iodide, 97% for iodate and elementary iodine and 99% for iodide. IntroductionIn all water cooled reactors radioactive iodine is released to the primary coolant directly from fuel defects or from outside fuel fission of tramp uranium in the core region. Iodine solution chemistry involves formation of a number of stable oxidation states and is, especially at low concentrations, complex. In BWR systems volatile iodine species such as elementary iodine, HIO and organic iodides are transported by the steam to out-side core systems (iodine carryover) and are one of the sources for radioactivity in the offgas system. This transport of volatile iodine must be considered in the design and operation of a BWR in order to minimize the release of radioactivity to the environment. It is also important in terms of system accessibility and in determination of the iodine source term to plantworkers during the yearly maintenance shut-down. Much effort has been done in recent research to investigate iodine accident chemistry while its chemistry under normal operation still is fairly unknown.Prediction of formation and destruction of iodine species in reactor systems demands accurate knowledge of the species concentrations under different types of reactor operating parameters. To obtain this information a characterization of iodine species must be performed. This involves a chemical separation where the different species are separated from each other and measured. The most widely used method to chemically separate iodine species in reactor water was originally described by Lin [1] and it is based upon liquid-liquid extraction. It has been used in batch type experiments and consequently it reveals information only about the particular batch sample at the time of sampling. Another drawback of the batch type technique is that it sets a practical limit to how much it is possible to concentrate the samples directly in the separation procedure.Concentration of the iodine species is important since some of the species exist in very low concentrations and require long measuring time to obtain statistically satisfying results. In order to obtain information over longer periods of time a continuous online separation technique using mixer-settlers has been developed. Experimental General sepa...

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“…-Thermal neutron flux: thorium: 1.2 X I0 12 n cm" 2 s" 1 cerium: ΙΟ 12 η cm -2 s _1 -Tracers used [15]: 233 …”

Section: Radiometric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

On-line Separation of Iodine Species in Reactor Water using Mixer-settlers

Malmbeck

Skarnemark

1995

Radiochimica Acta

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“…Etalons of Y emitters 22 Na, 46 Sc, 5l Mn, 66 Co, "Co, 60 Co, "Se, 83 Y, 13 ?Cs + 137m Ba, 152 Eu, " 2 Ta, 203 Hg and 241 Am with wellknown values of energy and intensities of Y-rays [8,9,10,11] were used for the accurate calibrationof the energy and detection efficiency of the spectrometer. The good linearity of the spectrometer and the dense scale of the photon energy calibration points made it possible to use linear interpolation in the narrow energetical interval between two adjoining calibration points.…”

Section: Energy and Intensity Determinations Of Gamma Photonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Products of Irradiation of Natural Molybenum By Deuterons with Energy up to 13 MeV by Means of Semiconductor Gamma- and X-Ray Spectrometry

Řanda

Svoboda

Hrubý

1975

Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies

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“…We wish to thank Ray Gunnink of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory for his permission to include in our collection results from much of his experimental measurements [1]. Finally, we reference the papers of Adams and Dams [6,7] from which we have drawn heavily.…”

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compilation of modern nuclear decay data for high resolution gamma spectroscopy.

Dyer¹,

Bate²

1972

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Recently published radionuclide decay data necessary for interpreting and quantifying high-resolution gamma spectra were collected and tabulated. The data, consisting of gamma energies and intensities and other information, e.g. half lives, fission yields, neutron cross section, etc, for over 500 radionuclides, were computer processed to yield a tabular form highly useful to gamma spectroscopists and activation analysts. The collection is unique in that many short-lived radionuclides, e.g. fission gases are included that are not found in similar data tables. Basically two computer listings are produced. The first table lists all data for each radioisotope arranged according to increasing atomic number (with increasing mass number for isotopes of the same atomic number). The source of reference for each nuclide is documented. The second table consists of a list of sorted gamma energies arranged according to increasing energy. Opposite each gamma energy is the contributing radionuclide symbol, its mass nuiaber and half life, a classification of nuclida type (e.g. fission product), several associated ganana energies and their intensities and a cross reference to the nuclide's entry in Table I. By careful attention to the elimination of non-prominent gamma rays Table II is kept manageably small yet sufficiently complete to permit spectroscopists to rapidly identify tha lines of gamma spectra and/or check the results of spectral analysis codes. The data on magnetic tape along with a program to make listings are available to users on request to the ORNL Radiation Shielding Information Center. The organization of the tables s applications of the data to gamma spectral studies of reactor components and activation analysis and additional data needs will be discussed.

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A compilation of precisely determined gamma-transition energies of radionuclides produced by reactor irradiation

Cited by 82 publications

References 23 publications

On-line Separation of Iodine Species in Reactor Water using Mixer-settlers

On-line Separation of Iodine Species in Reactor Water using Mixer-settlers

Determination of the Products of Irradiation of Natural Molybenum By Deuterons with Energy up to 13 MeV by Means of Semiconductor Gamma- and X-Ray Spectrometry

Compilation of modern nuclear decay data for high resolution gamma spectroscopy.

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