A competitive medium frequency AC distribution grid for offshore wind farms using HVDC

Gierschner, Sidney; Eckel, Hans-Günter; Bakran, Mark-Matthias

doi:10.1109/epe.2013.6634385

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For almost all the commissioned offshore wind farms, the rated frequency of the offshore AC grid is 50 Hz. Theoretically, the rated frequency of the offshore AC grid could be increased to about 100-400 Hz range [25][26][27][28][29] in the proposed medium frequency DRU based HVDC system, as plotted in Figure 1. However, the exact frequency should be optimized in consideration of the advantages and the side effects by increasing the frequency, such as the investment cost, the operation cost, and the manufacture of the medium frequency equipment.…”

Section: The Proposed Medium Frequency Dru Based Hvdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reference [26] studied the effect of the operating frequency on the capital expenditure of the offshore AC grid; and the optimal frequency choice was found at 93 Hz for the minimum cost. Further, the applications of the medium frequency AC distribution grid and the DC distribution grid to offshore wind farms were compared in [27], and the results show that the former is superior to the latter in terms of costs and efficiency. Reference [28][29][30] explored the feasibility of adopting the common high-frequency or medium-frequency link to integrate wind energy conversion systems and photovoltaic generation units.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medium frequency diode rectifier unit based HVDC transmission for offshore wind farm integration

Zhang

Tang

2021

IET Renewable Power Gen

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The offshore wind farms are the main trend of the wind power development in the future. The medium frequency diode rectifier unit based high voltage direct current transmission system is proposed here for offshore wind farm integration. Unlike conventional high voltage direct current solutions, the rated frequency of the offshore alternating current (AC) grid is increased to about 100∼400 Hz in the proposed system. Besides, a grid‐forming control scheme for the wind turbine converters is also proposed in this paper, where the machine side converter controls the direct current (DC) voltage and the grid side converter controls its output alternating current voltage in the global unified reference coordinate system. As a result, smaller and lighter passive components, such as the transformers, alternating current filters and reactive power (VAR) compensators, could be adopted in the offshore grid, which is beneficial for achieving higher economic efficiency. The small stability analysis and the time domain simulation of the proposed system are carried out based on a simplified model and power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transients including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC) respectively, and the feasibility of the proposed schemes is verified.

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Section: The Proposed Medium Frequency Dru Based Hvdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium frequency diode rectifier unit based HVDC transmission for offshore wind farm integration

Zhang

Tang

2021

IET Renewable Power Gen

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“…In the current scenario, the optimum answer was to build the inner farm collection grid using medium frequency voltage as in [8]. [9] investigated similar solution but in wind farms. Increasing the collection grid frequency improves the overall efficiency plus it decreases the system passive components size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A robust controller for medium voltage AC collection grid for large scale Photovoltaic plants based on medium frequency transformers

Hafez

Enjeti

Ahmed

2016

2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

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A controller is proposed for a medium voltage medium frequency (MVMF) AC collection grid for utility scale Photovoltaic (PV) farms. A new MVMF AC collection grid was presented in previous work. It enhanced the system modularity, increased the system efficiency and reduced the passive component sizes. The MVMF AC collection grid comprises modules of inverter and medium frequency transformer that are series connected to construct the MF-AC collection grid. An AC/AC cycloconverter is used to interface the MF-AC collection grid to the low frequency utility grid. This paper presented an easy yet robust and fast controller for the proposed MVMF AC collection grid. An 80MW PV power plant located in Eggebek/Germany is used as a design example. The proposed controller is presented in details followed by simulation and hardware results to proof the fast/robust response of the proposed controller. Keywords-Medium voltage medium frequency collection grid, Utility scale PV farms, Medium frequency transformer I.978-1-4673-9550-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

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Variable Frequency Operation for Future Offshore Wind Farm Design: A Comparison with Conventional Wind Turbines

2014

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Automated synthesis of [ 18 F]ciprofloxacin in a TRACERlab TM FX FDG (GE Healthcare) synthesis module was developed. Dependence of radiochemical yield on reactor type was observed. 3-mL V-shaped borosilicate glass reactor gave higher radiochemical yield as compared with standard 15-mL glassy carbon reactor. V-shaped borosilicate glass reactor might also give higher radiochemical yield for other [ 18 F]radiotracers than [ 18 F]ciprofloxacin. a b s t r a c tWe transferred the previously published manual synthesis of [ 18 F]ciprofloxacin (decay-corrected RCY: 5.5 71.0%) to an automated synthesis module (TRACERlab TM FX FDG , GE Healthcare) and observed a strong decrease in RCY (0.4 70.4%). When replacing the standard 15-mL glassy carbon reactor of the synthesis module with a 3-mL V-shaped borosilicate glass reactor a considerable improvement in RCY was observed. [ 18 F]Ciprofloxacin was obtained in a RCY of 2.7 71.4% (n ¼23) with a specific activity at EOS of 1.47 0.5 GBq/mmol in a synthesis time of 160 min.

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A competitive medium frequency AC distribution grid for offshore wind farms using HVDC

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Medium frequency diode rectifier unit based HVDC transmission for offshore wind farm integration

Medium frequency diode rectifier unit based HVDC transmission for offshore wind farm integration

A robust controller for medium voltage AC collection grid for large scale Photovoltaic plants based on medium frequency transformers

Variable Frequency Operation for Future Offshore Wind Farm Design: A Comparison with Conventional Wind Turbines

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