A comparison of wild-caught wood mice and bank voles in the Intellicage: assessing exploration, daily activity patterns and place learning paradigms

Galsworthy, Michael J.; Amrein, Irmgard; Kuptsov, P. A.; Полетаева, И. И.; Zinn, Pascal O.; Rau, Anton; Vyssotski, Alexei L.; Lipp, Hans‐Peter

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.06.021

Cited by 147 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Previous studies also showed that measures of learning can be collected in standardized automated home-cage environments without human interference (Galsworthy et al 2005;Mechan et al 2009;Gallistel et al 2010;Endo et al 2011;Balci et al 2013;Puścian et al 2014;Remmelink et al 2015); however, all these tasks restricted reinforcement schedules to specific times of the day. We here demonstrate that continuous testing is compatible with operant testing which allowed for the short duration of the reversal learning protocol as well as animal paced task participation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Arndt et al (2009) reported that neither male nor female mice that were housed individually showed stronger signs of stress than their socially housed counterparts. Whether or not individual housing contributed to distress, individual housing during our test precluded an effect of hierarchy on task performance and/or competition for food and water reward as may be the case for home-cage settings using social housing (e.g., IntelliCages; Galsworthy et al 2005;Mechan et al 2009;Endo et al 2011). Additionally, individual housing allows for a voluntary drug administration procedure as described previously .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring discrimination- and reversal learning in mouse models within 4 days and without prior food deprivation

et al. 2016

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Many neurological and psychiatric disorders are characterized by deficits in cognitive flexibility. Modeling cognitive flexibility in mice enables the investigation of mechanisms underlying these deficits. The majority of currently available behavioral tests targeting this cognitive domain are reversal learning tasks that require scheduled food restriction, extended training periods and labor-intensive, and stress-inducing animal handling. Here, we describe a novel 4-day (4-d) continuously running task measuring discrimination-and reversal learning in an automated home cage (CognitionWall DL/RL task) that largely eliminates these limitations. In this task, mice can earn unlimited number of food rewards by passing through the correct hole of the three-holed CognitionWall. To assess the validity and sensitivity of this novel task, the performance of C57BL/6J mice, amyloid precursor protein/presenilin1 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice, a-calmodulin kinase-II (aCaMKII) T305D knock-in mice, and mice with an orbitofrontal cortex lesion were examined. We found that C57BL/6J mice reach stable performance levels within the 4 d of the task, while experiencing only slight reductions in weight and no major effects on circadian rhythm. The task detected learning deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic and aCaMKII T305D mutant mice. Additionally, we established that the orbitofrontal cortex underlies reversal learning performance in our task. Because of its short duration and the absence of food deprivation and concurrent weight loss, this novel automated home-cage task substantially improves comprehensive preclinical assessment of cognitive functions in mouse models of psychiatric and neurological disorders and also enables analysis during specific developmental stages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring discrimination- and reversal learning in mouse models within 4 days and without prior food deprivation

et al. 2016

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“…IntelliCage is a novel and automated method for assessing spontaneous behavior and place learning in a home cage environment with social interaction (Galsworthy et al, 2005). P14 mice were randomized to isoflurane (n = 16) or control (n = 15) and isoflurane anesthesia was performed as described above.…”

Section: Intellicage Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoflurane Anesthesia Induced Persistent, Progressive Memory Impairment, Caused a Loss of Neural Stem Cells, and Reduced Neurogenesis in Young, but Not Adult, Rodents

Zhu

Gao

Karlsson

et al. 2010

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

264

203

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Isoflurane and related anesthetics are widely used to anesthetize children, ranging from premature babies to adolescents. Concerns have been raised about the safety of these anesthetics in pediatric patients, particularly regarding possible negative effects on cognition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of repeated isoflurane exposure of juvenile and mature animals on cognition and neurogenesis. Postnatal day 14 (P14) rats and mice, as well as adult (P60) rats, were anesthetized with isoflurane for 35 mins daily for four successive days. Object recognition, place learning and reversal learning as well as cell death and cytogenesis were evaluated. Object recognition and reversal learning were significantly impaired in isoflurane-treated young rats and mice, whereas adult animals were unaffected, and these deficits became more pronounced as the animals grew older. The memory deficit was paralleled by a decrease in the hippocampal stem cell pool and persistently reduced neurogenesis, subsequently causing a reduction in the number of dentate gyrus granule cell neurons in isoflurane-treated rats. There were no signs of increased cell death of progenitors or neurons in the hippocampus. These findings show a previously unknown mechanism of neurotoxicity, causing cognitive deficits in a clearly age-dependent manner.

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“…Finally, D2 KO mice and WT controls were tested in a newly developed automated learning apparatus, IntelliCage system (Galsworthy et al 2005;Knapska et al 2006; www.newbehavior. com), a group-housing cage that is also a recording and testing apparatus, automatically gathering data of an individual mouse's visits to four corners and eight bottles (two bottles per corner).…”

Section: D2 Ko Mice Show Learning In Intellicagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mice were tested in a novel automated learning apparatus, an IntelliCage system, from NewBehavior AG (Galsworthy et al 2005;Knapska et al 2006). A week before the experiment the mice were exposed to isoflurane anesthesia and injected with a glasscovered microtransponder (11.5 mm length, 2.2 mm diameter; Trovan, ID-100) with a unique code.…”

Section: Intellicagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New hippocampal neurons are not obligatory for memory formation; cyclin D2 knockout mice with no adult brain neurogenesis show learning

Jaholkowski¹,

Kiryk²,

Jedynak³

et al. 2009

Learn. Mem.

118

124

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The role of adult brain neurogenesis (generating new neurons) in learning and memory appears to be quite firmly established in spite of some criticism and lack of understanding of what the new neurons serve the brain for. Also, the few experiments showing that blocking adult neurogenesis causes learning deficits used irradiation and various drugs known for their side effects and the results obtained vary greatly. We used a novel approach, cyclin D2 knockout mice (D2 KO mice), specifically lacking adult brain neurogenesis to verify its importance in learning and memory. D2 KO mice and their wild-type siblings were tested in several behavioral paradigms, including those in which the role of adult neurogenesis has been postulated. D2 KO mice showed no impairment in sensorimotor tests, with only sensory impairment in an olfaction-dependent task. However, D2 KO mice showed proper procedural learning as well as learning in context (including remote memory), cue, and trace fear conditioning, Morris water maze, novel object recognition test, and in a multifunctional behavioral system-IntelliCages. D2 KO mice also demonstrated correct reversal learning. Our results suggest that adult brain neurogenesis is not obligatory in learning, including the kinds of learning where the role of adult neurogenesis has previously been strongly suggested.New neurons are produced in the brains of adult animals, including humans, throughout their lifespan (Altman 1963;Eriksson et al. 1998). Since one of the sites of adult brain neurogenesis is hippocampal formation, a brain structure involved in learning and memory, new neurons were expected to be involved in these phenomena. Following years of research, adult brain neurogenesis, along with synaptic strengthening, synaptic elimination/ weakening, and synaptogenesis are now regarded as four major types of plasticity required for formation and retention of memories (Bruel-Jungerman et al. 2007). However, the very evidence for the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in learning and memory remains limited, and in most cases, indirect (Leuner et al. We showed before (Kowalczyk et al. 2004) that cyclin D2, a protein involved in cell cycle regulation, is the only cyclin D (out of D1, D2, and D3) expressed in wild-type (WT) hippocampal neuronal progenitors expanded in vitro into neurospheres. Furthermore, careful analysis of the brains of cyclin D2 knockout mice (D2 KO mice) failed to reveal BrdU-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. We were also unsuccessful in increasing the number of newly generated cells in the hippocampus by a variety of stimulations, including introducing the mice to a novel environment, or even by a local brain injury. Notably, while adult brain neurogenesis of D2 KO mice is missing, their developmental neurogenesis allows for the formation of the brain, with all of the major structures present, though some of them are smaller. Also, neurogenesis outside of the central nervous system seems to be unaffected in these mice (Kowalczyk et al. 20...

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A comparison of wild-caught wood mice and bank voles in the Intellicage: assessing exploration, daily activity patterns and place learning paradigms

Cited by 147 publications

References 32 publications

Measuring discrimination- and reversal learning in mouse models within 4 days and without prior food deprivation

Measuring discrimination- and reversal learning in mouse models within 4 days and without prior food deprivation

Isoflurane Anesthesia Induced Persistent, Progressive Memory Impairment, Caused a Loss of Neural Stem Cells, and Reduced Neurogenesis in Young, but Not Adult, Rodents

New hippocampal neurons are not obligatory for memory formation; cyclin D2 knockout mice with no adult brain neurogenesis show learning

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