A comparison of urinary nuclear matrix protein‐22 and bladder tumour antigen tests with voided urinary cytology in detecting and following bladder cancer:the prognostic value of false‐positive results

Abstract

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of the nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP22) and bladder tumour antigen (BTAstat) tests compared with voided urinary cytology (VUC) in detecting and following bladder cancer, assessing particularly the prognostic value of false-positive test results in patients followed up for bladder cancer. Patients and methods From 739 patients suspected of having bladder cancer, voided urine samples for the NMP22 and BTAstat tests, and for VUC and urine analysis, were collected before cystoscopy. All patients underwent transurethral resection of bladder lesions or mapping, and were followed for a mean (range) of 27.3 (3±65) months. Results In the 406 patients with bladder cancer, the overall sensitivity was 85% for NMP22, 70% for BTAstat and 62% for VUC. For histological grades 1±3 the sensitivity in detecting transitional cell carcinoma was 82%, 89% and 94% for NMP22, 53%, 76% and 90% for BTAstat, and 38%, 68% and 90% for VUC, respectively. Although the sensitivity in detecting invasive carcinoma was >85% for all the tests, NMP22 and BTAstat were statistically more sensitive than VUC for super®cial tumours. The optimal threshold value for NMP22, calculated using the receiver operating characteristics curve, was 8.25 U/mL. The speci®city was 68% for NMP22, 67% for BTAstat, and 96% for VUC. The speci®city of VUC remained >87% and was independent of benign histological ®ndings. In contrast, in patients with no apparent genitourinary disease on histology, NMP22 and BTAstat had signi®cantly higher speci®city (94% and 92%, respectively; P=0.003) than in the group with chronic cystitis (52% for both tests). Forty patients having no bladder cancer at biopsy had a recurrence after a mean (range) followup of 7.7 (3±15) months; all had a previous history of bladder cancer. According to subsequent recurrence, the prognostic positive and negative predictive values were 18% and 91% for NMP22, 13% and 88% for BTAstat, and 79% and 91% for VUC. Both falsepositive VUC and NMP22 tests predicted recurrence (log-rank test, P<0.001 and P=0.004, respectively), but the BTAstat test produced no similar correlation (P=0.778). Conclusion The NMP22 and BTAstat tests are better than VUC for detecting super®cial and low-grade bladder cancer but they have signi®cantly lower speci®city. After excluding diseases with the potential to interfere in these tests the overall speci®city of both tests is increased considerably. False-positive results from NMP22 and VUC but not from BTAstat in patients followed up for bladder cancer correlate with future recurrences.

Correlation of Pathological and Cytological-Cytometric Grading of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract

“…Regarding the published data over the last years, it becomes obvious that cytology, but also all other urine bound marker systems, were tested in order to replace cystoscopy for bladder cancer detection. As far as urinary cytology is concerned, this diagnostic indication has to be re-evaluated [7][8][9].…”

Molecular Markers for Bladder Cancer Screening, Early Diagnosis, and Surveillance: The WHO/ICUD Consensus

“…Poulakis et al [29] evaluated 739 patients using NMP22 (cutoff ≥8.25 U/ml) and found sensitivities of 79% (165/208), 90% (83/92), and 97% (96/99) in patients with 1, 2-3, and >3 tumors, respectively. On the other hand, Sánchez-Carbayo et al [30] evaluated 187 patients using NMP22 (cutoff ≥14.6 U/ml) and found sensitivities of 72% (18/25) and 75% (61/81) in patients with single and multiple tumors, respectively.…”

“…BTA stat is a qualitative test, while BTA TRAK is quantitative. Both have been performed on fresh, refrigerated, or frozen urine obtained as voided or catheterized specimens [29,31,33,37,43,46,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]. …”

Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tests for Bladder Cancer: A Review of the Literature

“…Poulakis et al [39] studied NMP22 ® , BTA stat tests and VUC in a total of 739 patients suspected of having bladder cancer. All patients underwent transurethral resection of bladder lesions or mapping, and were followed for a mean (range) of 27.3 (3-65) months.…”