A Comparison of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in French Bulldogs and Dachshunds and Association With Congenital Vertebral Anomalies

Aikawa, Takeshi; Shibata, Mitsuhiro; Asano, Moe; Hara, Yasushi; Tagawa, Masahiro; Orima, Hiromitsu

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12102.x

Cited by 67 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Note that the majority of dogs which constituted the populations in these previous studies were Miniature Dachshunds and not FBs. Conversely, IVDH were distributed more equitably between T13 and L4 in the FB reported here, which is consistent with a previous publication demonstrating that FB present thoracolumbar IVDH more caudally than Dachshund [28]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundFrench Bulldog (FB) has significantly gained in popularity over the last few years, and seems to be frequently affected by various neurological conditions. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the prevalences of neurological diseases in a large population of FB, presented with neurological signs between 2002 and 2016, and for which a definitive diagnosis was established. A secondary objective was to identify epidemiological characteristics regarding specific diseases in this singular breed.ResultsDuring the study period, 533 FBs were presented for neurological signs, representing 18.7% of all admitted FBs (N = 2846). In total, 343 FBs with definitive diagnosis were included in this descriptive epidemiological study. Hansen type I intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) was by far the most common neurological disorder (45.5% of all cases). The IVDH location was cervical in 39.8%, and thoracolumbar in 60.2% of cases. The median ages for cervical and thoracolumbar IVDH were 4.2 and 4 years, respectively. C3-C4 was the most commonly affected disk (57.8% of cervical IDVH) all locations combined. Spinal arachnoid diverticulum (SAD) was detected in 25 FBs, representing the second most common myelopathy (11.3%). A concurrent spinal abnormality was identified in 64.0% of SAD cases. Brain tumours represented 36.8% of encephalopathies, with glioma (confirmed or suspected) being the most common. Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) represented 25.0% of brain disorders, females less than 5.5 years being more likely to be affected. Aside from central nervous system conditions, otitis interna associated with peripheral vestibular signs and bilateral congenital deafness (associated with white coat) were also common.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that FB seems to be prone to several neurological diseases. IVDH is clearly predominant in FB and cervical location seems more represented than in other breeds. FBs affected by IVDH tend to be younger than previously described, either for both cervical and thoracolumbar locations. Thoracic SAD was the second most common myelopathy, with a concurrent spinal anomaly identified in two thirds of the cases. MUO was more likely to affect young to middle-aged females. These findings could be of interest for owners, breeders, practicing veterinarians and insurance companies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

et al. 2017

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“…We confirmed the hypothesis that the evaluation of the Cobb angle on digital radiographs is a feasible and reliable method to quantify the degree of spinal curvature in dogs. Three previous veterinary studies investigated spinal curvature in dogs: one studied a manual technique to measure the degree of kyphosis and its relationship with neurological deficit, and the other two mentioned the use of the Cobb angle manual technique to assess the deformity prior to surgery in dogs without assessing its reliability [2], [4], [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with congenital vertebral malformations are often asymptomatic with malformations representing incidental findings identified during unrelated radiographic studies. Clinical signs observed in the affected population are usually those of a progressive myelopathy secondary to vertebral canal stenosis, but also to vertebral instability related to the degree of spinal curvature [1], [2], [4], [5]. The prevalence of clinically affected brachycephalic screw-tailed dogs with congenital vertebral malformations is unknown, but could represent an important “spontaneous” model of spinal deformity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the authors' knowledge there are just three previous studies that attempted to quantify the degree of spinal curvature in dogs, and none of them used a computer-assisted method [2], [4], [5]. In the setting of congenital vertebral malformations in dogs, validating a reliable method is an essential first step towards assessment of disease severity, progression, prognostic significance and it may be used to guide treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computer-Assisted Radiographic Calculation of Spinal Curvature in Brachycephalic “Screw-Tailed” Dog Breeds with Congenital Thoracic Vertebral Malformations: Reliability and Clinical Evaluation

et al. 2014

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The objectives of this study were: To investigate computer-assisted digital radiographic measurement of Cobb angles in dogs with congenital thoracic vertebral malformations, to determine its intra- and inter-observer reliability and its association with the presence of neurological deficits. Medical records were reviewed (2009–2013) to identify brachycephalic screw-tailed dog breeds with radiographic studies of the thoracic vertebral column and with at least one vertebral malformation present. Twenty-eight dogs were included in the study. The end vertebrae were defined as the cranial end plate of the vertebra cranial to the malformed vertebra and the caudal end plate of the vertebra caudal to the malformed vertebra. Three observers performed the measurements twice. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to calculate the intra- and inter-observer reliabilities. The intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent for all intra- and inter-observer measurements using this method. There was a significant difference in the kyphotic Cobb angle between dogs with and without associated neurological deficits. The majority of dogs with neurological deficits had a kyphotic Cobb angle higher than 35°. No significant difference in the scoliotic Cobb angle was observed. We concluded that the computer assisted digital radiographic measurement of the Cobb angle for kyphosis and scoliosis is a valid, reproducible and reliable method to quantify the degree of spinal curvature in brachycephalic screw-tailed dog breeds with congenital thoracic vertebral malformations.

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“…2,20,21 The IVDSs between T9 and L2 were affected in 67 of 81 (83%) of Dachshunds, whereas this region was affected by IVDE in only 36 of 81 (44%) English Cocker Spaniels. Although thoracolumbar IVDSs were still most often affected, caudal lumbar IVDE was significantly more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds (21/81 [26%] vs 1/81 [1%]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical characterization of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions in English Cocker Spaniels

Cardy¹,

Tzounos²,

Volk³

et al. 2016

javma

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OBJECTIVE To assess the anatomic distribution of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions (IVDEs) in English Cocker Spaniels as compared with findings in Dachshunds and to characterize clinical findings in English Cocker Spaniels with thoracolumbar or lumbar IVDEs affecting various regions of the vertebral column. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. ANIMALS 81 English Cocker Spaniels and 81 Dachshunds with IVDEs. PROCEDURES Signalment, clinical signs, neurologic examination findings, and affected intervertebral disk spaces (IVDSs) were recorded for both breeds. Management methods and outcomes were recorded for English Cocker Spaniels. Lesions were categorized as thoracolumbar (IVDSs T9–10 through L1–2), midlumbar (L2–3 through L4–5), or caudal lumbar (L5–6 through L7–S1). RESULTS Midlumbar and caudal lumbar IVDEs were significantly more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds. English Cocker Spaniels with caudal lumbar IVDEs had a longer median duration of clinical signs before evaluation and more commonly had unilateral pelvic limb lameness or spinal hyperesthesia as the predominant clinical sign than did those with IVDEs at other sites. Those with caudal lumbar IVDEs less commonly had neurologic deficits and had a higher median neurologic grade (indicating lesser severity), shorter mean postoperative hospitalization time, and faster mean time to ambulation after surgery than those with other sites affected. These variables did not differ between English Cocker Spaniels with thoracolumbar and midlumbar IVDEs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Caudal and midlumbar IVDEs were more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds. English Cocker Spaniels with caudal lumbar IVDE had clinical signs and posttreatment responses that differed from those in dogs with midlumbar or thoracolumbar IVDE.

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A Comparison of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in French Bulldogs and Dachshunds and Association With Congenital Vertebral Anomalies

Cited by 67 publications

References 28 publications

Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

Computer-Assisted Radiographic Calculation of Spinal Curvature in Brachycephalic “Screw-Tailed” Dog Breeds with Congenital Thoracic Vertebral Malformations: Reliability and Clinical Evaluation

Clinical characterization of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions in English Cocker Spaniels

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