A Comparison of the Zinc, Copper and Manganese Status of Very Low Birth Weight Pre‐Term and Full‐Term Infants during the First Twelve Months

Friel, JK; Gibson, Rosalind S.; Balassa, R; Watts, John

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09981.x

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Continuing negative balance diminishes the body stores. Whether the Mn status of preterm infants is worse than that in full-term infants, as concluded by Friel et al (1984) from hair analysis, cannot be decided by our study design and from our retention values in preterm infants, when no striking deviations from term infants were found.…”

Section: Preterm Infantsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

et al. 1989

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I . Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2-16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued : breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean M n concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6.2 pg/l. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 pg/I) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 ,ug/l), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 yg/l.3 . The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (pg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1.06 (SD 0.43) and 0.43 (SD 0.65), formula-fed full-term 14.2 (SD 3.1) and 2.8 (SD 4%), formula-fed preterm 15.0 (SD 2.2) and 0.06 (SD 5.87). The results for Cu were 114.5 (SD 22.3) and 88.0 (SD 46.5) pg/kg in breast-fed, 19-8 (SD 4.2) and 4.6 (-11.5-9.6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106.4 (SD 18.9) and 55.5 (SD 20.3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 pg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3.8 (SD 1.8) pglkg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 pg/l.The biological relevance of Mn was noted in poultry and rats showing defective calcification of the otoliths (resulting in ataxia) and the skeleton and other defects based on a depressed mucopolysaccharide synthesis (Hurley, 1985). Furthermore, Mn-deficient rats have second-generation offspring which show an abnormal glucose tolerance test, possibly caused by decreased insulin output (Hurley, 1985). Mn deficiency in man has been observed only once in a patient under parenteral nutrition (Doisy, 1974). He suffered from a prolonged prothrombin clotting time. In newborns and infants no symptoms of deficiency have yet been identified. The vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy in breast-fed infants, however, could be hypothetically connected to Mn deficiency by low Mn intake in these children. At this age it should be relatively easy to diagnose a deficiency, as body-weightrelated increase of tissues and the need for nutrients are highe...

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Section: Preterm Infantsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

et al. 1989

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“…This is to be expected because hair mineral levels are known to reflect dietary intakes retrospectively (20). Cu supplementation had only a small effect on erythrocyte CuZnSOD activity, although this was not unexpected if the activity was already saturated in most infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Mean daily intakes of Cu were calculated using a modified database consisting of Cu values obtained from company product information, food composition tables, and the literature (20).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Status of Very Low Birth Weight Infants during the First 12 Months of Infancy

L’Abbé

Friel

1992

Pediatr Res

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ABSTRACT. The Cu intake and status of 106 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (birth weight 1152 ± 251 g, gestational age 29 ± 3 wk, mean ± SD) were determined approximately 1 mo before hospital discharge, at discharge (time 0), and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo ± 3 wk corrected for gestational age. Infants were fed either formula plus supplemental Zn/Cu (SUPPL, n = 29); formula plus placebo (PLAC, n = 26); or a low birth weight formula (LBWF, n = 26) or were breast-fed (BRMLK, n = 25).Plasma Cu levels in the formula-fed infants increased significantly at each time period with no significant differences between feeding groups. Hair Cu was significantly higher in the SUPPL group compared to the PLAC, LBWF, and BRMLK groups at 3 and 6 mo. Erythrocyte Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity was lowest in the PLAC group. Cu intake was positively correlated with both hair Cu (r = 0.291, p < 0.0001) and erythrocyte CuZnSOD activity (r = 0.281, p < 0.001) but not with plasma Cu. An increasing number of formula-fed infants had very low CuZnSOD activity (less than 2 SD below mean) with increasing age (n = 1,2,8, 11, and 13 infants at times 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo, respectively). At 12 mo, approximately one third of the formula-fed VLBW infants in this study had low Cu status as assessed by CuZnSOD activity. Infants with the lowest CuZnSOD activity were those with the largest weight gains from 0 to 6 mo and were observed in all formula-fed groups. Thus, these data suggest that in formula-fed infants erythrocyte CuZnSOD activity is a more appropriate indicator of Cu status in the VLBW infant than plasma Cu levels and that the fastest growing VLBW infants may be at risk for Cu deficiency.

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“…Gibson and DeWolfe (1980) reported an average daily manganese intake of 71 and 80 µg/kg body weight at 6 and 12 months, respectively, in apparently healthy Canadian infants. Friel et al (1984) reported mean intakes of 110 and 140 µg/kg body weight per day (0.89 and 1.46 mg/day) at 6 and 12 months, respectively, in Canadian infants born at term. The Panel notes that these figures include the use of infant formulae, which may have been fortified with manganese.…”

Section: Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for manganese

Products¹

2013

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for manganese. Manganese is an essential dietary mineral which is a component of a number of metalloenzymes involved in amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. A specific manganese deficiency syndrome has not been described in humans. The body is able to adapt to a wide range of manganese intakes by regulating both efficiency of absorption in the intestine and the quantity excreted via bile. There are no reliable and validated biomarkers of manganese intake or status and data on manganese intakes versus health outcomes are not available for DRVs for manganese. As there is insufficient evidence available to derive an average requirement or a population reference intake, an Adequate Intake (AI) is proposed. Mean intakes of manganese in adults in the EU are around 3 mg/day. In addition, null or positive balances have consistently been observed with intakes of manganese above 2.5 mg/day. An AI of 3 mg/day is proposed for adults, including pregnant and lactating women. For infants aged from 7 to 11 months, an AI of 0.02-0.5 mg/day is proposed, which reflects the wide range of manganese intakes that appear to be adequate for this age group. The AI for children and adolescents is based on extrapolation from the adult AI using isometric scaling and reference body weights of the respective age groups. Manganese is an essential dietary element for mammals. It is a component of metalloenzymes such as superoxide dismutase, arginase and pyruvate carboxylase, and is involved in amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. A specific manganese deficiency syndrome has not been described in humans.Absorption of manganese in the intestine is low (< 10 %). Regulation at the level of absorption appears to be one of the adaptive responses to dietary manganese intake and such regulation allows manganese homeostasis to be maintained over a wide range of intakes. A reduction in the biological half-life of manganese has been observed with increased dietary manganese intakes indicating the role of whole-body turnover rate in manganese homeostasis. Elimination of manganese is primarily via the faeces.The assessment of manganese intake or status using biological markers is difficult owing to the rapid excretion of manganese into bile, to homeostatic mechanisms and to the lack of sensitivity of biomarkers over the normal range of intakes. Therefore, there are no reliable and validated biomarkers of manganese intake or status.Nuts, chocolate, cereal-based products, crustaceans and molluscs, pulses, and fruits and fruit products are rich sources of manganese. The main contributors to the manganese intake of adults are cerealbased products, vegetables, fruits and fruit products and beverages. In the EU, estimated mean manganese intakes of adults range from 2 to 6 mg/day, with a majority of values around 3 mg/day. Estimated mean manganese intakes range from 1.5 to 3.5 mg/day in ...

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A Comparison of the Zinc, Copper and Manganese Status of Very Low Birth Weight Pre‐Term and Full‐Term Infants during the First Twelve Months

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

Copper Status of Very Low Birth Weight Infants during the First 12 Months of Infancy

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for manganese

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