A Comparison of the Social Postures of Some Common Laboratory Rodents

Grant, E.C.; Mackintosh, J. H.

doi:10.1163/156853963x00185

Cited by 941 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The videotaped social interactions were scored by three trained observers, who were unaware of the animals' treatment, for 21 behaviors based on the ethogram by Grant and Mackintosh, 1963;see Table 1 for behavior descriptions) using The Observer Video Analysis software (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Behavioral analysis focused on the treated mouse, the observer; the demonstrator's behavior was collected only in relation to that of the observer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta Specific Agonists on Social Learning of Food Preferences in Female Mice

Clipperton

Spinato

Chernets

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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There is an evolutionary advantage to learning food preferences from conspecifics, as social learning allows an individual to bypass the risks associated with trial and error individual learning. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) paradigm examines this advantage. Females in the proestrus and diestrus phases of the estrous cycle show a prolonged preference for the demonstrated food relative to estrus and ovariectomized females. Additionally, both estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) and estrogen receptor beta (ERb) knockout mice show impaired social recognition, which suggests that both receptors may be involved in other types of socially dependent learning, including the STFP. The present study investigated the effect of the ERa selective agonist PPT (1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole) and the ERb selective agonist WAY-200070 (7-Bromo-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-ol) on the STFP. Results showed that ovariectomized (ovx) mice treated with PPT failed to learn the socially acquired preference, while WAY-200070-treated ovx mice showed a two-fold prolonged preference for the food eaten by their demonstrator. The effects of PPT on the socially acquired food preference cannot be explained by effects on the total food intake of the groups or on the type of interaction with the demonstrator mouse. The effects of WAY-200070 may be partially due to effects on Submissive Behavior. The higher WAY-200070 doses produced prolonged preferences similar to those seen previously in intact female mice during the proestrus and diestrus phases. This suggests that the estrous cycle's effects on social learning may be due to the action of ERb on Submissive Behavior, or to ERb countering that of ERa.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta Specific Agonists on Social Learning of Food Preferences in Female Mice

Clipperton

Spinato

Chernets

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Testing occurred three times per week separated by at least 48 h. All confrontations were video-recorded and analyzed by a trained observer (intra-observer reliability: r 2 ¼ 0.97) using The Observer software (Noldus, v.5.0; Wageningen, The Netherlands). The frequencies and durations of aggressive (attack bites, sideways threat, tail rattles, pursuits) and nonaggressive (grooming, rearing, walking) behaviors were quantified following the descriptions of Grant and Mackintosh (1963) and Miczek and O'Donnell (1978).…”

Section: Resident-intruder Confrontations and Alcoholheightened Aggrementioning

confidence: 99%

Escalated Aggression after Alcohol Drinking in Male Mice: Dorsal Raphé and Prefrontal Cortex Serotonin and 5-HT1B Receptors

Faccidomo

Bannai

Miczek

2008

Neuropsychopharmacol

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A significant minority of individuals engages in escalated levels of aggression after consuming moderate doses of alcohol (Alc). Neural modulation of escalated aggression involves altered levels of serotonin (5-HT) and the activity of 5-HT 1B receptors. The aim of these studies was to determine whether 5-HT 1B receptors in the dorsal raphé (DRN), orbitofrontal (OFC), and medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortex attenuate heightened aggression and regulate extracellular levels of 5-HT. Male mice were trained to self-administer Alc by performing an operant response that was reinforced with a delivery of 6% Alc. To identify Alc-heightened aggressors, each mouse was repeatedly tested for aggression after consuming either 1.0 g/kg Alc or H 2 O. Next, a cannula was implanted into either the DRN, OFC, or mPFC, and subsets of mice were tested for aggression after drinking either Alc or H 2 O prior to a microinjection of the 5-HT 1B agonist, CP-94,253. Additional mice were implanted with a microdialysis probe into the mPFC, through which CP-94,253 was perfused and samples were collected for 5-HT measurement. Approximately 60% of the mice were more aggressive after drinking Alc, confirming the aggression-heightening effects of 1.0 g/kg Alc. Infusion of 1 mg CP-94,253 into the DRN reduced both aggressive and motor behaviors. However, infusion of 1 mg CP-94,253 into the mPFC, but not the OFC, after Alc drinking, increased aggressive behavior. In the mPFC, reverse microdialysis of CP-94,253 increased extracellular levels of 5-HT; levels decreased immediately after the perfusion. This 5-HT increase was attenuated in self-administering mice. These results suggest that 5-HT 1B receptors in the mPFC may serve to selectively disinhibit aggressive behavior in mice with a history of Alc self-administration.

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“…Although Norway rats are not renowned for spontaneously cooperating under free-ranging condition, they are nevertheless a highly social and adaptable species that, in the wild, live in colonies characterized by dominance and a repertoire of social signals (Barnett, 1975;Grant and Mackintosh, 1963). Rats also exhibit social learning whereby feeding habits can transfer between individuals in a variety of ways (Galef, 1990).…”

Section: Rats As Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why cooperate?An economic perspective is not enough

Schuster

2004

Behavioural Processes

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Cooperation is usually explained from an economic perspective focused mainly on the tangible outcomes received by individuals that are also dependent on the behavior of others, with little reference to the actual behaviors used when cooperating. The potential consequences of social dimensions associated with cooperative behaviors are minimized in Skinnerian and game-theory models by means of anonymous subjects that behave individually while physically isolated in separate chambers. When cooperation and non-cooperation occur in the real world, however, they are often associated not only with different outcomes but also with different behaviors. Unlike non-cooperation, cooperative behaviors are usually intrinsically social, influenced by the presence and behaviors of familiar partners. Research is described that addresses whether the social dimensions of cooperative actions go beyond mere description of behaviors to also explain why cooperation occurs. One way to resolve the relative importance of economic and social factors for explanations of cooperation is to measure choice between the options of cooperation and non-cooperation. The economic perspective, linked to models derived from game theory, frames the question as a choice determined by differences in tangible outcomes such as food or money that, in evolutionary terms, are surrogates for gains in fitness. From a behavioral perspective, the choice between cooperation and non-cooperation is also determined by social dimensions associated only with cooperation. The influence of social cooperation on preference was examined by means of two rectangular chambers interconnected by a T-maze. In one chamber, pairs of laboratory rats were reinforced with saccharine solution for coordinating back-and-forth shuttling; in the second chamber, a single animal was reinforced for back-and-forth shuttling performed in isolation. With outcomes equalized between the two options, cooperation was preferred by the majority of subjects. Moreover, variation in the relative rate of reinforcement during cooperation was not a strong predictor of choice whereas the level of intra-pair coordination was positively related to preference. Implications of this result are discussed for both method and theory, including the hypothesis that the preference is influenced by intrinsic reinforcements evoked by cooperating. The consequences for evolutionary fitness would then arise not only from tangible outcomes but from the relationships that develop when cooperating even when immediate and tangible pay-offs are absent, insufficient or sub-optimal. The impact of cooperative relationships on fitness may therefore not occur immediately but in the future, and perhaps in another context, when they influence outcomes that have a significant impact on survival and reproduction.

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A Comparison of the Social Postures of Some Common Laboratory Rodents

Cited by 941 publications

References 9 publications

Differential Effects of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta Specific Agonists on Social Learning of Food Preferences in Female Mice

Differential Effects of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta Specific Agonists on Social Learning of Food Preferences in Female Mice

Escalated Aggression after Alcohol Drinking in Male Mice: Dorsal Raphé and Prefrontal Cortex Serotonin and 5-HT1B Receptors

Why cooperate?An economic perspective is not enough

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