A Comparison of the Prospective Memory among College Students, Normal Elderly, and Parkinson's Disease Patients

Abstract

Background: This study was conducted to examine the effects of normal aging and cerebral pathology on the prospective memory and the relationships between the prospective memory and frontal lobe functions. Methods: The subjects were 30 college students, 30 normal elderly, and 30 Parkinson's disease patients. There was no significant difference in the mean age or education level between the normal elderly and Parkinson's disease patients. The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire were administered to evaluate the prospective memory. The Seoul Verbal Learning Test and Rey Complex Figure Test were given to assess the verbal and visual episodic memories. The subjects also took the Sorting Test, the Korean-Color Word Stroop Test, and the Iowa Gambling Task to assess the frontal lobe functions. Results: The results showed that the prospective memory declines with aging and pathological process. The normal elderly showed significantly lower scores on the time-based prospective memory than the event-based prospective memory, although the college students and Parkinson's disease patients did not show any differences between them. Many significant correlations were found between the prospective memory tests and frontal lobe tests in the normal elderly and Parkinson's disease patients, although only a few correlations were found in the college students. Conclusions: These quantitative and qualitative changes in the prospective memory by aging and frontal lobe dysfunction would support the de-differentiation hypothesis of aging.

Prospective Memory Loss and Related White Matter Changes in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

“…We used the Korean version of the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) ( Supplementary Table 1 ) to assess PM. 40 41 42 43 44 PRMQ is a questionnaire that allows patients to gauge and self-report levels of PM and retrospective memory (RM) operant in their daily lives. It consists of 16 questions (eight each on PM and RM) pertaining to memory type, period, and types of clues.…”