A comparison of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico with the United States and the Puerto Rican population of the United States

Canino, Glorisa; Shrout, Patrick E.; NeMoyer, Amanda; Vila, Doryliz; Santiago, Katyana; García, Pedro J.; Quiñones, Amarilis; Cruz, Vilmary; Alegrı́a, Margarita

doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01653-6

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, associations remain inconsistent and population-specific [3]. In Puerto Rico, pregnant women may also be at a heightened risk for psychosocial stress and clinical outcomes influenced by stress, as an estimated 10% of Puerto Ricans experience major depressive disorder as compared to 8% in the rest of the U.S. [4]. Thus, maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy may represent a particularly important risk factor for PTB in the Puerto Rican population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between psychosocial factors during pregnancy and preterm birth in Puerto Rico

et al. 2020

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Psychosocial stress during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth (PTB). This has not been studied in Puerto Rico, an area with high PTB rates. Our objective was to develop a conceptual model describing the interrelationships between measures of psychosocial stress and depression, a result of stress, among pregnant women in Puerto Rico and to examine their associations with PTB. We used data from the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats pregnancy cohort (PROTECT, N = 1,047) to examine associations among depression and different continuous measures of psychosocial stress using path analysis. Psychosocial stress during pregnancy was assessed using validated measures of perceived stress, negative life experiences, neighborhood perceptions and social support. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between psychosocial stress measures in tertiles and PTB. Perceived stress, negative life experiences, and neighborhood perceptions influenced depression through multiple pathways. Our model indicated that perceived stress had the strongest direct effect on depression, where one standard deviation (SD) increase in perceived stress was associated with a 57% SD increase in depression. Negative life experiences were directly but also indirectly, through perceived stress, associated with depression. Finally, neighborhood perceptions directly influenced negative life experiences and perceived stress and consequently had an indirect effect on depression. Psychosocial stress was not associated with PTB across any of the measures examined. Our study examined interrelationships between multiple measures of psychosocial stress and depression among a pregnant Puerto Rican population and identified negative neighborhood perceptions as important upstream factors leading to depression. Our findings highlight the

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between psychosocial factors during pregnancy and preterm birth in Puerto Rico

et al. 2020

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“…Although Puerto Ricans obtained US citizenship in 1917, they primarily speak Spanish and do not enjoy all the rights and protections of the US Constitution until they reside in the US. Given high rates of poverty (43.5% of the island population is under the poverty level) and lack of social mobility, emigration to the continental US has been common since the 1950s. New York City, and the South Bronx, became a common place of migration for Puerto Ricans in 1950s and 1960s, resulting in the largest population of Puerto Ricans outside of the island.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of minority status and social context on the development of depression and anxiety: a longitudinal study of Puerto Rican descent youth

et al. 2019

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Few longitudinal studies have explored to date whether minority status in disadvantaged neighborhoods conveys risk for negative mental health outcomes, and the mechanisms possibly leading to such risk. We investigated how minority status influences four developmental mental health outcomes in an ethnically homogeneous sample of Puerto Rican youth. We tested models of risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), depressive and anxiety symptoms (DAS), and psychological distress, as Puerto Rican youth (aged 5-13 years) transitioned to early adulthood (15-29 years) in two sites, one where they grew up as a majority (the island of Puerto Rico), and another where they were part of a minority group (South Bronx, New York). At baseline, a stratified sample of 2,491 Puerto Rican youth participated from the two sites. After baseline assessment (Wave 1), each youth participant and one caregiver were assessed annually for two years, for a total of three time points (Waves 1-3). From April 2013 to August 2017, participants were contacted for a Wave 4 interview, and a total of 2,004 young people aged 15 to 29 years participated in the assessment (response rate adjusted for eligibility = 82.8%). Using a quasi-experimental design, we assessed impacts of minority status on MDD, GAD, DAS and psychological distress. Via mediation analyses, we explored potential mechanisms underlying the observed relationships. Data from 1,863 Puerto Rican youth (after exclusion of those with MDD or GAD during Waves 1-3) indicated links between minority status and higher rates of lifetime and past-year GAD, DAS and past 30-day psychological distress at Wave 4, and a marginal trend for MDD, even after adjustments. Childhood social support and peer relationships partially explained the differences, as did intercultural conflict, neighborhood discrimination, and unfair treatment in young adulthood. The experience of growing up as a minority, as defined by context, seemingly elevates psychiatric risks, with differences in social relationships and increased social stress as mediators of this relationship. Our findings suggest that interventions at the neighborhood context rather than at the individual level might be important levers to reduce risks for the development of mood disorders in minority youth.

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“…It is estimated that anxiety disorders affect approximately 13% of Americans adults living in the United States and 12.5% of Puerto Rican adults on the island (Canino et al, 2019). Anxiety disorders share features of excessive fear and anxiety, inability to control anxious cognitions, and related behavioral disturbances (APA, 2013).…”

Section: Anxiety Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commonly Diagnosed Mental Disorders in a General Hospital System

Scott

Beauchamp-Lebrón

Rosa-Jiménez

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Considering many patients seek care from general hospitals, these healthcare institutions are uniquely situated to address comorbid mental and physical health needs. Little is documented, however, on the most common mental disorders in patients seeking care in general hospital settings, especially in Puerto Rico. The objective of this study was to characterize the five most common DSM-5 mental disorder diagnoses made in a hospital system in southern Puerto Rico between January 2015 and December 2019. Methods: A retrospective study of cross-sectional data obtained from 5,494 inpatients was implemented and a multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the odds of being diagnosed with a current mental disorder.Results: Overall, 53% of the entire sample was diagnosed with a mental disorder during hospitalization. Major depressive, neurocognitive, anxiety, substance-related and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders were the most frequently diagnosed. Interestingly, females were 23% less likely to have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder than males (aOR: .769, CI [.650, .909], p = .002). Thus, males evidenced 1.30 higher odds of being diagnosed with depression. Conclusion: The integration of clinical health psychology services within a general hospital facilitated our team’s work of identifying and treating co-occurring mental disorders among hospitalized patients. Future studies examining the opportunities and barriers of integrating clinical health psychology services within a general hospital’s administrative and clinical infrastructure for rapid identification and treatment of co-occurring mental disorders among medical patients are warranted.

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A comparison of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico with the United States and the Puerto Rican population of the United States

Cited by 34 publications

References 38 publications

Relationships between psychosocial factors during pregnancy and preterm birth in Puerto Rico

Relationships between psychosocial factors during pregnancy and preterm birth in Puerto Rico

The effect of minority status and social context on the development of depression and anxiety: a longitudinal study of Puerto Rican descent youth

Commonly Diagnosed Mental Disorders in a General Hospital System

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