A comparison of the pharmacodynamic effects of intravenous ketamine–xylazine with alfaxalone in mute swans (Cygnus olor) presenting at a wildlife veterinary hospital

Effects of Alfaxalone on the Induction and Maintenance of Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua)

“…Prior studies have shown that the administration of ALFX at 10 mg/kg IV and 7.5 mg/kg IV rapidly induces anesthesia in mute swans and chickens, respectively. 15,25 In black-cheeked lovebirds, ALFX at 12.6mg/kg SC provided anesthesia that allowed for ventrodorsal radiograph positioning. 19 Anesthesia induction requirements in this study were similar to those reported previously in other avian species.…”

“…19 Anesthesia induction requirements in this study were similar to those reported previously in other avian species. 15,25…”

“…19 Anesthesia induction requirements in this study were similar to those reported previously in other avian species. 15,25 The mean plasma concentration of ALFX that produced adequate anesthesia depth was 6734 6 4386 ng/mL, and the mean CRI rate immediately before stopping the ALFX CRI was 0.22 mg/kg/ min. Both 90-minute and 180-minute doses of ALFX at 0.15 mg/kg/min produced shallow anesthesia with residual eyelid reflexes in dogs, 26 with similar mean plasma ALFX concentrations and large variations in concentration among individuals in both studies.…”

“…Reports on the induction of anesthesia in birds administered ALFX IV also showed successful induction of anesthesia in 1-2 minutes, consistent with this study. 14,25 Dehuisser et al 26 reported that shallow anesthesia with a residual positive palpebral reflex was found in dogs when anesthesia was induced with ALFX 3 mg/kg and maintained with a 0.15mg/kg/min CRI. In this study reported here, both the ALFX induction dose of 9 mg/kg and the CRI rate of 0.3 mg/kg/min were 3 times higher than those reported for dogs.…”

Effects of alfaxalone on induction quality of inhalation anesthesia in domestic pigeons (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>)

“…Dose-dependent side effects have been observed in dogs [ 15 ] and cats [ 16 ], with hypoventilation and apnea being the most common. Postinduction apnea following the administration of alfaxalone, as well as agitation and ataxia during the recovery process, have been reported as side effects in mute swans [ 1 ]. In this study, after IM administration of alfaxalone, HR and RR in the alfaxalone group were significantly lower compared with baseline ( Table 2 ), but values were similar to those of HR and RR in awake state pigeons in other studies (155 ± 28, 170 ± 24 beats/min, and 34 ± 6, 32 ± 5 breath/min, respectively) [ 2 , 3 ].…”