A comparison of the molecular clock of hepatitis C virus in the United States and Japan predicts that hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States will increase over the next two decades

Tanaka, Yasuhito; Hanada, Kousuke; Mizokami, Masashi; Yeo, Anthony E. T.; Shih, J. Wai-Kuo; Gojobori, Takashi; Alter, Harvey J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.242608099

Cited by 306 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Similarly, the origin of the genotype 4 epidemic in Africa has been traced back to the 17th century [33]. However, evolutionary analysis of the more common subtypes with a global distribution (1a, 1b, and 3a), which are frequently referred to as "epidemic" subtypes, have consistently traced the ancestor to within the last century in many locations around the world [34,35]. The original endemic viral population sources for these emergent subtypes have not been identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Trends in the Hepatitis C Virus Epidemics in North America and Australia

Rodrigo¹,

Eltahla²,

Bull³

et al. 2016

J Infect Dis.

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Background. Bayesian evolutionary analysis (coalescent analysis) based on genetic sequences has been used to describe the origins and spread of rapidly mutating RNA viruses, such as influenza, Ebola, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).Methods. Full-length subtype 1a and 3a sequences from early HCV infections from the International Collaborative of Incident HIV and Hepatitis C in Injecting Cohorts (InC3), as well as from public databases from a time window of 1977-2012, were used in a coalescent analysis with BEAST software to estimate the origin and progression of the HCV epidemics in Australia and North America. Convergent temporal trends were sought via independent epidemiological modeling.Results. The epidemic of subtype 3a had more recent origins (around 1950) than subtype 1a (around 1920) in both continents. In both modeling approaches and in both continents, the epidemics underwent exponential growth between 1955 and 1975, which then stabilized in the late 20th century.Conclusions. Historical events that fuelled the emergence and spread of injecting drug use, such as the advent of intravenous medical therapies and devices, and growth in the heroin trade, as well as population mixing during armed conflicts, were likely drivers for the cross-continental spread of the HCV epidemics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Trends in the Hepatitis C Virus Epidemics in North America and Australia

Rodrigo¹,

Eltahla²,

Bull³

et al. 2016

J Infect Dis.

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“…Percutaneous treatments provide good results (5-year survival 40%-50%) [11,18] , but have not been able to achieve response rates and outcomes comparable to surgical treatments [11,12] . Liver transplantation has been suggested as the best treatment for patients with one tumor and decompensated cirrhosis or multicentric small tumors [19] . HCC prognosis remains dismal despite many treatment options.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terpenoids as potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agents in liver cancer

Thoppil

Bishayee²

2011

WJH

266

136

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Despite significant advances in medicine, liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma remains a major cause of death in the United States as well as the rest of the world. As limited treatment options are currently available to patients with liver cancer, novel preventive control and effective therapeutic approaches are considered to be reasonable and decisive measures to combat this disease. Several naturally occurring dietary and non-dietary phytochemicals have shown enormous potential in the prevention and treatment of several cancers, especially those of the gastrointestinal tract. Terpenoids, the largest group of phytochemicals, traditionally used for medicinal purposes in India and China, are currently being explored as anticancer agents in clinical trials. Terpenoids (also called "isoprenoids") are secondary metabolites occurring in most organisms, particularly plants. More than 40 000 individual terpenoids are known to exist in nature with new compounds being discovered every year. A large number of terpenoids exhibit cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells and cancer preventive as well as anticancer efficacy in preclinical animal models. This review critically examines the potential role of naturally occurring terpenoids, from diverse origins, in the chemoprevention and treatment of liver tumors. Both in vitro and in vivo effects of these agents and related cellular and molecular mechanisms are highlighted. Potential challenges and future directions involved in the advancement of these promising natural compounds in the chemoprevention and therapy of human liver cancer are also discussed.

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“…3 It is projected that the increase in incidence of HCC will continue over the next 20 years in the United States. 4 Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that predict survival of patients with HCC. …”

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confidence: 99%

Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort

et al. 2005

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Currently there is no consensus which staging system is best in predicting the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of this study were to identify independent predictors of survival and to compare 7 available prognostic staging systems in patients with HCC. A total of 239 consecutive patients with cirrhosis and HCC seen between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2003, were included. Demographic, laboratory, and tumor characteristics and performance status were determined at diagnosis and before therapy. Predictors of survival were identified using the Kaplan-Meir test and the Cox model. Sixty-two percent of patients had hepatitis C, 56% had more than 1 tumor nodule, 24% had portal vein thrombosis, and 29% did not receive any cancer treatment. At the time of censorship, 153 (63%) patients had died. The 1-and 3-year survival of the entire cohort was 58% and 29%, respectively. The independent predictors of survival were performance status (P < .0001), MELD score greater than 10 (P ‫؍‬ .001), portal vein thrombosis (P ‫؍‬ .0001), and tumor diameter greater than 4 cm (P ‫؍‬ .001). Treatment of HCC was related to overall survival. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system had the best independent predictive power for survival when compared with the other 6 prognostic systems. In conclusion, performance status, tumor extent, liver function, and treatment were independent predictors of survival mostly in patients with cirrhosis and HCC. The BCLC staging system includes aspects of all of these elements and provided the best prognostic stratification for our cohort of patients with HCC. ( H epatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common tumor worldwide. In the United States, the incidence of HCC has been rising, 1 and it is the tumor with the largest increase in incidence over the last 12 years. 2 Furthermore, the overall survival of patients with HCC has not improved over the last 20 years, with the incidence rate almost equal to the death rate. 3 It is projected that the increase in incidence of HCC will continue over the next 20 years in the United States. 4 Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that predict survival of patients with HCC.

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A comparison of the molecular clock of hepatitis C virus in the United States and Japan predicts that hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States will increase over the next two decades

Cited by 306 publications

References 34 publications

Historical Trends in the Hepatitis C Virus Epidemics in North America and Australia

Historical Trends in the Hepatitis C Virus Epidemics in North America and Australia

Terpenoids as potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agents in liver cancer

Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort

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