A comparison of the microstructures, thermal and mechanical properties of pressed and sintered Ti–Cu, Ti–Ni and Ti–Cu–Ni alloys intended for dental applications

Abstract

The effect of Ni and Cu on the a/b phase transformation temperature, possible retention of the b-phase, and mechanical properties of Ti, Tie13Cu, Tie4.5Ni and Tie13Cue4.5Ni (compositions in wt. %) alloys were investigated. The alloys were developed using the conventional uniaxial cold press and sintering technique. The thermal properties of the sintered alloys were traced by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis determined phase composition, crystal structures and grain orientations. It has emerged that the Ti e13Cu and Tie13Cue4.5Ni retained the b-Ti phase. The mechanical properties were evaluated under tension with Tie13Cu and Tie4.5Ni possessing high ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and percentage elongation (%El) than the Tie13Cu-4.5Ni alloy. Although all the alloys have revealed the presence of porosity, its effect on mechanical properties was more on the Tie13Cue4.5Ni alloy. While the mechanical properties of Tie13Cu-4.5Ni alloy were inferior due to extensive porosity, those of Ti, Tie13Cu and Ti e4.5Ni allow them to be classified as Type 3 and Type 4 dental alloys, respectively, proving that the conventional powder metallurgy process has potential to be used as a processing technique for TieCubased dental alloys.

Antibacterial Ti–Cu implants: A critical review on mechanisms of action

“…Therefore, a distinction should be drawn between these two concepts. In a recent publication, for example, the authors incorrectly considered these two concepts identical and used them interchangeably [ 159 ].…”

“…Therefore, it has been realized that the intermetallic phase of Ti 2 Cu has a vital role in antibacterial effectiveness. Accordingly, the second group of researchers, possibly incorrectly, hypothesized that the anti-bacterial property is attributed to the release of Cu 2+ ions from the Ti 2 Cu intermetallic compound [ 134 , 159 ]. It should be mentioned that copper ions can hardly be released from intermetallic compounds such as Ti 2 Cu due to the stronger binding force of copper in Ti 2 Cu (ionic or covalent bonding) compared to solid solution copper atoms (metal bonding) [ 220 , 222 , 226 ].…”

Titanium alloys developed on the basis of the addition of cheap strong eutectoid β-stabilisers

“…These features make Ti alloys suitable for a wide range of industrial applications, which could take advantage of their light-weighting effect and durability. Currently, the industrial adoption of Ti alloy is however restricted by its high cost derived by both its physical metallurgy and its manufacturing [3,4].…”

Microstructural Characteristics and Wear Behavior of Sintered Ni-Modified Ti–xTiB2 Composites

“…Nickel forms intermetallic compounds with titanium at high temperatures as a beta stabilizer [23]. These phases are ductile and have significant impact resistance and excellent damping abilities [24]. Nickel alloys create a solid solution with titanium, reinforcing and enhancing its mechanical properties for further usage because pure titanium is often unsuitable for several purposes [24].…”