A Comparison of the Emissions from a Vehicle in Both Normal and Selected Malfunctioning Operation Modes

Siegl, Walter O.; Korniski, Thomas J.; Richert, Joel F. O.; Chladek, E.; Weir, J. E.; Jensen, Trescott E.

doi:10.4271/961903

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For the concentrations given in this work, direct radiolysis accounts for less than 0.3% of the 2,3-butadione loss. The fluorine atom yield was determined by measuring the yield of CH 3 O 2 ‚ radicals following radiolysis of mixtures of 10 mbar of CH 4 , 40 mbar of O 2 , and 950 mbar of SF 6 The absorption of CH 3 O 2 ‚ radicals at 260 nm was monitored as a function of radiolysis dose. In the presence of excess O 2 the CH 3 ‚ radical self-reaction is negligible and the CH 3 O 2 ‚ yield equals the initial F atom yield.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the rate constant for reaction of F atoms with 2,3-butadione was measured. Second, the formation of alkyl radicals in SF 6…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The content of o- xylene in fuels can be substantial (up to 3.3 wt %). Studies of the chemical composition of vehicle exhaust gas , show that the average emission of o- xylene from a Ford Taurus is of the order of 2−5 mg/m. Plum et al showed that photolysis is the major loss process of 2,3-butadione in the troposphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂· and CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O₂· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O· Radicals

Christensen¹,

Sehested²,

Nielsen³

et al. 1998

J. Phys. Chem. A

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FTIR-smog chamber techniques were used to determine rate constants for the gas-phase reaction of Cl and F atoms with CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 3 and F atoms with CH 3 C(O)F of (4.0 ( 0.5) × 10 -13 , (4.9 ( 0.7) × 10 -11 , and (3.6 ( 0.4) × 10 -12 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 , respectively. Two pathways for the reaction of Cl and F atoms with CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 3 were found: (1a02 and k 2b /(k 2b + k 2a ) ) 0.56 ( 0.09. It was determined that the atmospheric fate of CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 2 O‚ radicals is decomposition to give HCHO, CO, and CH 3 C(O)‚ radicals. Pulse radiolysis coupled to UV absorption spectroscopy was used to study the kinetics of the reaction of F atoms with CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 3 as well as spectra of CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 2 ‚ and CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 2 O 2 ‚ radicals over the wavelength range 220-400 nm at 295 K. The rate constant for the reaction of F atoms with CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 3 was determined to be (4.6 ( 0.8) × 10 -11 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 . The absorption cross sections of CH 3 C(O)C(O)CH 2 ‚ and CH 3 C-(O)C(O)CH 2 O 2 ‚ radicals were (5.4( 1.0) × 10 -18 at 250 nm and (2.0 ( 0.5) × 10 -18 cm 2 molecule -1 at 320 nm, respectively. Results are discussed with respect to the available database concerning the reaction of Cl and F atoms with organic compounds.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the rate constant for reaction of F atoms with 2,3-butadione was measured. Second, the formation of alkyl radicals in SF 6…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂· and CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O₂· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O· Radicals

Christensen¹,

Sehested²,

Nielsen³

et al. 1998

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…It is well-established that vehicle exhaust contains N 2 O ( − ). Furthermore, it is widely accepted that new vehicles equipped with three-way catalysts generally emit more N 2 O than older vehicles without catalysts ( − ). Concern has been expressed that N 2 O emissions will rise substantially as the global fleet of old vehicles is replaced with modern vehicles equipped with three-way catalysts to reduce urban air pollution ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Emissions from Vehicles

Becker¹,

Lörzer²,

Kurtenbach³

et al. 1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Assessment of the impact of vehicle emissions on the global environment requires accurate data concerning nitrous oxide, N 2 O, emissions. We report herein "realworld" N 2 O emissions from road vehicles in a tunnel in Wuppertal, Germany, together with "laboratory" emission measurements conducted at the Ford Motor Company using a chassis dynamometer with a standard driving cycle for 22 different cars and trucks. Consistent results were obtained from both approaches, suggesting that a good approximation of the average emission factor (g of N 2 O/g of CO 2 ) ) (6 ( 2) × 10 -5 . This corresponds to an emission rate of 16-8 mg of N 2 O/km for vehicles with fuel economies of 12-6 L/100 km (20-40 mi/U.S. gal). N 2 O emissions from vehicles have a global warming impact, which is 1-3% of that of the CO 2 emissions from vehicles. We estimate that the global vehicle fleet emits 0.18 ( 0.06 Tg of N 2 O yr -1 (0.11 ( 0.04 Tg of N yr -1 ), which represents 2-6% of the atmospheric growth rate of this species. In addition to N 2 O, laboratory vehicle emission measurements of NH 3 , HONO, and HCN are reported.

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“…A study of both normal and malfunctioning vehicles 5 using an industry average fuel showed that the normal vehicle PM emission rate was 6 mg/mile, while the malfunctioning vehicle produced PM emission rates between 25 and 40 mg/mile. A similar study using California reformulated fuel 6 found PM emissions for a 1990 model year vehicle to be in the range of 2-6 mg/mile for both normal vehicle operation and selected malfunctioning modes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Mass Emission Rates from Current-Technology, Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

Jensen

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A Comparison of the Emissions from a Vehicle in Both Normal and Selected Malfunctioning Operation Modes

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂· and CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O₂· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O· Radicals

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂· and CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O₂· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O· Radicals

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Emissions from Vehicles

Particle Mass Emission Rates from Current-Technology, Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

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A Comparison of the Emissions from a Vehicle in Both Normal and Selected Malfunctioning Operation Modes

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH3C(O)C(O)CH2· and CH3C(O)C(O)CH2O2· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH3C(O)C(O)CH2O· Radicals

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH3C(O)C(O)CH2· and CH3C(O)C(O)CH2O2· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH3C(O)C(O)CH2O· Radicals

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions from Vehicles

Particle Mass Emission Rates from Current-Technology, Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

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Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂· and CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O₂· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O· Radicals

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of 2,3-Butadione with F and Cl Atoms, UV Absorption Spectra of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂· and CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O₂· Radicals, and Atmospheric Fate of CH₃C(O)C(O)CH₂O· Radicals

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Emissions from Vehicles