A Comparison of the Climate of the Eastern United States During the 1830's With the Current Normals

Wahl, Eberhard W.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1968)96<73:acotco>2.0.co;2

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Futyma (1982) documents a rise in water table in eastern upper Michigan after 3000 yr ago (also see Winkler et al 1986). Range expansions and population increases during the last 1000 yr may document the onset of moister climate with cooler summers during the Little Ice Age (Wahl 1968, Swain 1978, Bernabo 1981,Grimm 1983, 1984). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleoecology of Range Limits: Beech in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Woods¹,

Davis²

1989

Ecology

139

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.Wiley is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ecology This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Mon, Abstract. Fossil pollen was used to map American beech (Fagus grandifolia) populations in Wisconsin and Michigan during the last 8000 yr. Among questions addressed were: (1) What were routes and rates of range expansion? (2) Did range expansion follow a "wave-front" model or occur by coalescence of outliers? (3) Has the range of beech been determined by environmental tolerance or by dispersal rate?Presettlement distributions were mapped from survey records. Range expansion was reconstructed using pollen diagrams from 34 sites, most in a 30-50 km grid. We show beech moving through southern Michigan into Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula. During much of the last 8000 yr the range of beech was relatively stable and presumably environmentally controlled. Brief delays may have been occasioned by dispersal barriers. Range expansions occurred during the last millennium, as well as 3000-2500 yr ago and 8000-5000 yr ago. Several separate colonizations across Lake Michigan formed temporary outliers. No other past outliers were detected, although modem outliers are known; however, even with closely spaced sites, outliers may have been undetected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleoecology of Range Limits: Beech in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Woods¹,

Davis²

1989

Ecology

139

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“…Paul, Minnesota (Baker 1960; data not shown) show a similar cold period. Seasonal maps of temperature anomalies in the eastern and central United States for the 1830s through 1860s show the cooling was centered in the Midwest and greatest in fall, followed by summer; spring and winter were less cold (Wahl 1968, Wahl andLawson 1970). Seasonal maps of temperature anomalies in the eastern and central United States for the 1830s through 1860s show the cooling was centered in the Midwest and greatest in fall, followed by summer; spring and winter were less cold (Wahl 1968, Wahl andLawson 1970).…”

Section: Climate Of the 19th Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Frost Followed the Plow: Impacts of Deforestation on the Climate of the United States

Bonan

1999

Ecological Applications

133

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The modern vegetated landscape of the United States little resembles the ''natural'' landscape prior to colonial settlement. Two 10-yr climate simulations with a global climate model using natural and modern vegetation maps for land surface boundary conditions showed that the conversion of forest to cropland in the eastern and central United States cooled climate. Mean annual surface air temperature decreased by 0.6Њ-1.0ЊC in the United States east of 100Њ W. The decrease in daily maximum temperature exceeded that for daily minimum temperature for a decreased diurnal temperature range of about 0.6ЊC, averaged over the year. The cooling was greatest in the Midwest in summer and autumn, when daily mean temperature decreased by Ͼ0.5Њ and 2.5ЊC, respectively; daily maximum temperature decreased by 1Њ-3ЊC; and diurnal temperature range decreased by about 1ЊC. U.S. temperature records show that much of the 1800s was anomalously cold, particularly in summer and autumn in the Midwest. Although this was likely caused by natural climate variability, increased volcanic activity, and decreased solar activity, the clearing of forests for agricultural land undoubtedly contributed to the cold temperatures in the eastern and central Unites States.

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“…As climate changed over the past 3000 yr, some critical threshold may have been crossed that increased the likelihood of local hemlock establishment and survival, leading to the shift in stand composition. The period between 500 and 150 yr ago, identified in many places around the world as the Little Ice Age (Lamb 1982, Grove 1988, Baron 1995, was particularly cool and wet in the upper Midwest (Wahl 1968, Grimm 1983, Clark 1988) and may have further favored hemlock regeneration. There is no evidence for expansion of hemlock stands at other parts of its range, but populations that are climatically limited may be more responsive to small changes in climate.…”

Section: Synchronous Stand Expansion Suggests a Common Explanationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Holocene Stand-Scale Invasion by Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) at Its Western Range Limit

Parshall¹

2002

Ecology

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The movement of plant range limits in the past has been clearly documented as a response to changing climate, but the pattern and timing of local invasions that result from these plant migrations are not well understood. Sedimentary evidence from small forest hollows is used here to reconstruct the pattern of stand-scale invasion by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) at its current range limit in Wisconsin. Pollen records from lakes show a slowly increasing regional hemlock population over the past 2500 yr, as its range expanded from the east in response to cooler, wetter climate. In contrast, hemlock pollen in each of the forest hollows increased abruptly within the past 500 yr, demonstrating stand-scale dynamics at a time when regional changes were small. Moreover, this abrupt rise in hemlock is part of a two-phase sequence of local invasion. First, stands were initially colonized as much as 2000 yr ago, but the size of these local populations remained low for as long as 1800 yr. This pattern suggests that scattered, small populations grew beyond the continuous range limit of hemlock, which was tens of kilometers to the east. Second, these small hemlock populations expanded in size between 100 and 500 yr ago during a time of cooler, wetter climate, which was apparently limiting population growth. These results illustrate contrasting patterns of change between local and regional populations, and the importance of outlying colonies as sources of rapid population expansion when environmental conditions become favorable.

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A Comparison of the Climate of the Eastern United States During the 1830's With the Current Normals

Cited by 34 publications

References 6 publications

Paleoecology of Range Limits: Beech in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Paleoecology of Range Limits: Beech in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Frost Followed the Plow: Impacts of Deforestation on the Climate of the United States

Late Holocene Stand-Scale Invasion by Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) at Its Western Range Limit

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