A Comparison of the Antiosteoporotic Effects of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Extracts from Red and Yellow Fruits Containing Different Constituents of Polyphenols and Iridoids in Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Abstract

Background and aims. Bone remodeling in which old or damaged bone cells are removed by osteoclasts, and new bone cells are developed by osteoblasts is a key target for antiosteoporotic agents. These processes can also be modulated by nutrients. In this study, we have compared the antiosteoporotic effects of three extracts from cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits: RED EXT1 extracts from red fruits, and YL EXT2 and YL EXT3 extract from yellow fruits. Methods. Polyphenolic and iridoid constituents of extracts were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the ultraperformance liquid chromatography system coupled with a quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Primary cultured osteoblasts isolated from mouse calvarias and osteoclast-lineage primary cultured monocytes isolated from mouse bone marrow were used for the assessment of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. In the osteoblast culture, cellular viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, ALP staining, and mRNA expression of Alpl and Runx2 were examined. In the osteoclast culture, the examined parameters were cellular viability, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and staining, and mRNA expression of Nfatc1, Ctsk, and Acp. Results. A total of 41 main compounds of iridoids, anthocyanins, hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonols were identified in the three extracts. RED EXT1 contained most of the tested polyphenols and iridoids and was the only extract containing anthocyanins. YL EXT2 contained only one iridoid, loganic acid and gallic acid. YL EXT3 comprised a mixture of iridoids and polyphenols. RED EXT1, YL EXT 2, and to a lesser extent YL EXT3 promoted osteoblast differentiation increasing significantly ALP activity and the amount of ALP-positive stained cells. All extracts upregulated mRNA expression of Alpl and Runx2. RED EXT1 caused the most significant decrease in TRAP activity and the numbers of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells. RED EXT1 caused also the most significant downregulation of mRNA expression of osteoclast related genes Nfatc1, Ctsk, and Acp5. Extracts from yellow fruits, mostly YL EXT2 caused lower, but still significant inhibitory effect on TRAP and osteoclast related genes. Conclusions. The main conclusion of our study is that all three extracts, especially RED EXT1 from red cornelian cherry fruits, possess the antiosteoporotic potential and may be a promising phytomedicine candidate for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytoprotective Effects of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruit Extracts

“…Another research investigated the phytochemical profile of cornelian cherry fruit extract, revealing that the same compound had the greatest concentration, namely loganic acid (12913.51 μg/g). Gallic acid was identified only in yellow Cornus mas L. fruits, in a quantity of 263.59 μg/g, being similar to the quantity obtained in our study [ 42 ]. The composition of these compounds varies based on a wide range of parameters, including geographical region, genotype, cultivar and the degree of fruit ripening.…”

Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Iridoid and Anthocyanin-Rich Extract Reduces Various Oxidation, Inflammation, and Adhesion Markers in a Cholesterol-Rich Diet Rabbit Model

“…One of the raw materials of natural origin that can provide compounds that are potentially effective in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is Cornelian cherry ( Cornus mas L.) fruits, which are rich in substances from the group of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and iridoids [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Compounds from these groups are widely known for their potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.…”

Effects of Anthocyanins on Components of Metabolic Syndrome—A Review

“…Further investigation is needed to fully understand the effects of anthocyanins on MetS components in vitro and to determine their potential as dietary supplements or the basis for novel medications. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase; bind to primary and secondary bile acids; ↓ cholesterol uptake [150] Osteoblast culture Anti-osteoporotic effect Red and yellow Cornus mas L. fruit ↓ TRAP activity and the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells [138] HepG2 cells Antidiabetic effect Blueberry Inhibition of α-glucosidase…”