A comparison of risk factors for metastasis at diagnosis in humans and dogs with osteosarcoma

Abstract

Background Canine osteosarcoma (OS) is a relevant spontaneous model for human OS. Identifying similarities in clinical characteristics associated with metastasis at diagnosis in both species may substantiate research aimed at using canine OS as a model for identifying mechanisms driving distant spread in the human disease. Methods This retrospective study included dog OS cases from three academic veterinary hospitals and human OS cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Associations between clinical factors and metastasis at diagnosis were estimated using logistic regression models. Results In humans, those with trunk tumors had higher odds of metastasis at diagnosis compared to those with lower limb tumors (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.51, 3.69). A similar observation was seen in dogs with trunk tumors compared to dogs with forelimb tumors (OR = 3.28, 95% CI 1.36, 7.50). Other associations were observed in humans but not in dogs. Humans aged 20‐29 years had lower odds of metastasis at diagnosis compared to those aged 10‐14 years (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.96); every 1‐cm increase in tumor size was associated with a 6% increase in the odds of metastasis at diagnosis (95% CI: 1.04, 1.08); compared to those with a white, non‐Hispanic race, higher odds were observed among those with a black, non‐Hispanic race (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.16), and those with a Hispanic origin (OR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.81). Conclusion A common mechanism may be driving trunk tumors to progress to detectable metastasis prior to diagnosis in both species.

The prognostic significance of metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis for dogs staged for appendicular osteosarcoma with fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography

“…17,[40][41][42][43][44][45] Going back as far as 1992, the reality is that the needle on the expected survival time has not budged from on average 10-12 months in canine patients treated with removal of the primary tumour and some combination of chemotherapy. 46 Using a 1-year survival time is a reasonable defined cut off as any dog with appendicular OSA that survived greater than a year would be considered to be doing well.…”

“…There are reports ranging from 8 to 18 months depending on the therapy provided, the stage of the patient at diagnosis and the population of dogs included in the study 17,40–45 . Going back as far as 1992, the reality is that the needle on the expected survival time has not budged from on average 10–12 months in canine patients treated with removal of the primary tumour and some combination of chemotherapy 46 . Using a 1‐year survival time is a reasonable defined cut off as any dog with appendicular OSA that survived greater than a year would be considered to be doing well.…”

Sex differences in expression of immune elements emerge in children, young adults and mice with osteosarcoma

“…Cases had a first primary, microscopically confirmed malignant OS and were included based on age at diagnosis matching that in TARGET (0-39 years). OS was categorized using ICD-O-3 codes 9180-9183, 9185-9187, 9192-9194; excluding OS in Paget disease (9184; date accessed: April 30, 2020) [ 20 ].…”

Application of Biocompatible Drug Delivery Nanosystems for the Treatment of Naturally Occurring Cancer in Dogs

“…Some oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes which play an important role in human cancers are also involved in canine cancers. Many canine tumors, in addition, spontaneously develop metastases and this could help in the discovery of unknown correlated features and furnish the opportunity to realize a better comparison model [ 22 ].…”