The recent identification of multiple dominant mutations in the gene encoding β-catenin in both humans and mice has enabled exploration of the molecular and cellular basis of β-catenin function in cognitive impairment. In humans, β-catenin mutations that cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders have been identified. We identified de novo β-catenin mutations in patients with intellectual disability, carefully characterized their phenotypes, and were able to define a recognizable intellectual disability syndrome. In parallel, characterization of a chemically mutagenized mouse line that displays features similar to those of human patients with β-catenin mutations enabled us to investigate the consequences of β-catenin dysfunction through development and into adulthood. The mouse mutant, designated batface (Bfc), carries a Thr653Lys substitution in the C-terminal armadillo repeat of β-catenin and displayed a reduced affinity for membrane-associated cadherins. In association with this decreased cadherin interaction, we found that the mutation results in decreased intrahemispheric connections, with deficits in dendritic branching, long-term potentiation, and cognitive function. Our study provides in vivo evidence that dominant mutations in β-catenin underlie losses in its adhesion-related functions, which leads to severe consequences, including intellectual disability, childhood hypotonia, progressive spasticity of lower limbs, and abnormal craniofacial features in adults. Introduction β-Catenin (CTNNB1) is a highly conserved protein that implements key cellular functions by interacting with cell-adhesion proteins, signaling molecules, and transcription factors (1). The characteristic structural feature of the β-catenin protein, its 12 central armadillo repeats, forms a long positively charged groove facilitating interaction with multiple protein partners. This central motif is flanked by the N terminus, crucial in mediating degradation of the protein, and the C terminus, containing the Helix-C motif (2), which enables switching between the protein's dual roles in cell adhesion and proliferation. Loss-of-function studies in mammals have implicated β-catenin in embryonic development, while gain-of-function studies have demonstrated its contribution to various forms of human cancers (reviewed in ref.3). Functional investigation has focused on the role of β-catenin in canonical WNT signaling. β-Catenin interacts with transcriptional coactivators to mediate WNT's transcriptional activation, which orchestrates growth and patterning in the developing embryo, and, when constitutively upregulated, dysregulates growth connected to cancer and metastasis.