A comparison of oak browse (Quercus spp.) and silages of rye and maize with respect to voluntary intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumination time in penned Korean sika deer

Kim, K.H.; Jeon, Byong-Tae; Kim, Y.C.; Kyung, B.H.; Kim, C.W.

doi:10.1016/0377-8401(95)00932-9

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Intake and fecal, urinary, and absorbed CP in the present balance study were within the normal range, similar to those of female Korean spotted deer fed medium and high CP diets reported by Kim et al (1996) . However, that study obtained a value of 6 to 25 g for retained CP, lower than the value found in our study, possibly due to more indigestible roughage feeding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In contrast, apparent DM digestibility was greater for the high-protein diet fed to rusa deer ( Tomkins and McMeniman, 2006 ). Organic matter digestibility was within the normal range of 58% to 75% reported by Das et al (2010) , Kim et al (1996) , and Garg (1996) . Apparent digestibility of CP increased significantly as dietary CP level increased up to 17%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The relatively low CP digestibilities in low and medium CP diets could be attributed to the protein-to-energy ratio being low for efficient protein digestion, or to a non-optimal amino acid pattern as explained by Smith et al (1975). Crude protein digestibility was within the normal range of 42% to 67% for penned Korean spotted deer, as reported by Kim et al (1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (<italic>Cervus nippon</italic>)

Yang

Oh²,

Ahn³

et al. 2014

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of 2-year-old female Korean spotted deer. In the course of the experiment, each of three hand-reared female spotted deer was fed three diets that were iso-calorically formulated to contain low (approximately 7%), medium (12%), and high (17%) levels of crude protein (CP). Each of six trials included a 5-day transition, a 10-day preliminary, and a 7-day collection period. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05) but not the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, or acid detergent fiber. All of the deer showed a positive CP balance on all of the diets. The maintenance CP requirement estimated by regression analysis was 4.17 g/kg metabolic body weight (W0.75)·d. The maintenance digestible CP requirement was 1.42 g/kg W0.75·d. The metabolic fecal CP was 1.95 g/kg W0.75·d. The blood urea nitrogen of spotted deer increased (p<0.05) as the dietary protein levels increased.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (<italic>Cervus nippon</italic>)

Yang

Oh²,

Ahn³

et al. 2014

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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“…In addition, we did not observe large differences in faecal consistency that could point to acidosis or other physiological imbalances. Furthermore, although total food processing time (feeding + rumination) for animals consuming LSHF was nearly double that of HSLF, it was still nearly 3 h less per day than elk fed browse diets (Kim et al., 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns

McCusker

Shipley

Tollefson

et al. 2010

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition

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To compare the effects of a low-starch, high-fibre diet [LSHF; 51.6% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 3.0% starch, 14.8% crude protein (CP)] and a high-starch, low-fibre diet (HSLF; 33.3% NDF, 20.0% starch, 19.6% CP) on the nutritional status of captive exotic ruminants, 16 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were fed one of these two diets ad libitum with ≤25% alfalfa hay cubes from 10 days to 68 weeks of age. During five sampling periods beginning in November and spaced 6-12 weeks apart thereafter, feed intake, rumen and blood chemistry, faecal scores, growth and body condition were measured. Dry matter intake, digestible energy intake, time spent ruminating and feeding and blood acetate concentration were greater for deer fed LSHF (p < 0.05 for all). Lower dietary CP led to reduced blood urea nitrogen for deer consuming LSHF (p = 0.004). Deer had the same faecal scores, growth and body fat among treatments (all p > 0.05). These findings show pelleted diets with less starch, more fibre, and reduced protein met the energy and protein requirements of growing mule deer, a medium-sized browsing ruminant, as well as traditional grain-based diets while more closely mimicking natural forages and stimulating a more natural feeding behaviour.

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“…They used vastly different study systems, and most did not explicitly address the confounding aspect of fiber versus tannins reducing protein digestibility. For example, sika deer increased their intake rates when fed oak browse compared to agricultural silage, apparently circumventing the browse's reduced digestibility in order to achieve a protein target (energy was not measured; Kim et al 1996). However, the reduced digestibility of browse could also be due to more tannins (not measured) rather than only more fiber (measured).…”

Section: Nutritional Strategy (1-2): Energy or Protein Maximizers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids

Felton

Wam

Stolter³

et al. 2018

Ecosphere

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Abstract. The research literature on food selection by large herbivores is extensive. Still, we are generally lacking in our knowledge of the influence of potentially interacting chemical contents of the food. We made a qualitative review of a systematic literature search of studies that empirically link chemical contents of food to the food selection by northern cervids (genera Alces, Capreolus, Cervus, Dama, Odocoileus, Rangifer). We found that although the majority of the 98 relevant studies measuring any given food constituent (energy, protein, fiber, minerals, plant secondary metabolites) provided support for it acting as a driver of food selection (in either a negative or positive way), there was little support for the traditional hypotheses of maximization or limitation of any single constituent. Rather, because of the animals' need to acquire an appropriate intake of several constituents at the same time, our review highlights how new empirical studies need to focus on several food constituents in synchrony: (1) Study designs should capture sufficient variation in the content of food constituents in order to tease apart their many co-variations; and (2) insights about nutritional drivers may be lost if one uses only composite currencies such as crude energy, crude fiber, ash, or tannins, which may mask contrasting selection patterns of the lumped constituents. Season had an apparent influence on the selection of some food constituents, particularly various fiber fractions. In contrast, our review revealed a lack of evidence that cervids more strongly select for protein in summer than they do in winter. Our overall conclusion of the review is that interacting chemical contents of food make the nutritional value of a given food type into a varying entity. To better elucidate this variation, we need new technologies that non-invasively capture nutrient intake of free-ranging animals, across seasons.

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A comparison of oak browse (Quercus spp.) and silages of rye and maize with respect to voluntary intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumination time in penned Korean sika deer

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (<italic>Cervus nippon</italic>)

Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (<italic>Cervus nippon</italic>)

Effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns

The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids

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A comparison of oak browse (Quercus spp.) and silages of rye and maize with respect to voluntary intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumination time in penned Korean sika deer

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (&lt;italic&gt;Cervus nippon&lt;/italic&gt;)

Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (&lt;italic&gt;Cervus nippon&lt;/italic&gt;)

Effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns

The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids

Contact Info

Product

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Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (<italic>Cervus nippon</italic>)

Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (<italic>Cervus nippon</italic>)