“…In contrast to externally initiated higher education mergers in Australia, Norway, Belgium, and Finland, mergers in the United States are typically voluntary, meaning that the merging institutions themselves initiate the merger (Skodvin, 1999). However, managed mergers, initiated by state, regional, or system authorities in public systems, frequently referred to as "consolidations," are becoming more common (Warren, 2008;Ohman, 2011;Diamond, 2013;Hamilton, 2013;Marcus, 2013;Mytelka, 2015). (Throughout the paper, I use the term mergers to refer to both mergers and consolidations.)…”