A Comparison of Dielectric Measurement Methods for Liquids in the Frequency Range 1 GHz to 4 THz

Afsar, M.N.; Bellemans, André; Birch, J.R.; Chantry, G.W.; Clarke, R.N.; Cook, Raymond; Finsy, Robert; Gottman, O.; Goulon, J.; Jones, R. G.; Kaatze, U.; Kestemont, Edouard; Kilp, H.; Mandel, M.; Pottel, R.; Rivail, Jean‐Louis; Rosenberg, C. B.; Loon, Ronald Van

doi:10.1109/tim.1980.4314935

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Another favourable reference liquid is cyclohexane. Comparison of complex permittivity data from seven laboratories, measured at 25 • C and at frequencies between 150 MHz and 1 THz, revealed frequency-independent ε values which, within the limits of errors, agreed with the static permittivity [322]. Hence, in the radio frequency and microwave regions, the dielectric properties of cyclohexane can be represented just by its static permittivity.…”

Section: Reference Materials For the Calibration Of Sensors And Measu...supporting

confidence: 58%

“…Hence, in the radio frequency and microwave regions, the dielectric properties of cyclohexane can be represented just by its static permittivity. Along with the value from [322], two sets of cyclohexane static permittivity are displayed in table 2. At a given temperature, the data agree within their limits of experimental error.…”

Section: Reference Materials For the Calibration Of Sensors And Measu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromagnetic techniques for moisture content determination of materials

Kaatze

Hübner

2010

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Based on a short introduction to the dielectric properties of water and aqueous solutions, this review summarizes current techniques of electromagnetic aquametry. The techniques described here include time-domain and frequency-domain procedures, enabling moisture determination in a broad spectral range from millihertz to terahertz frequencies. In this review, quasi-static capacitance and impedance approaches as well as microwave and submillimetre wave reflection, transmission and resonant methods are presented. Sensor configurations and electronic measurement setups, including remote sensing, are discussed briefly. A broad spectrum of applications is introduced to show the extended usability of electromagnetic techniques of moisture content determination. The dielectric properties of some reference materials, suitable for the calibration of sensors and of electronic measurement devices, are tabulated. Reference is also made to some dielectric models of water-containing materials and to superior evaluation routines.

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Section: Reference Materials For the Calibration Of Sensors And Measu...supporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Reference Materials For the Calibration Of Sensors And Measu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic techniques for moisture content determination of materials

Kaatze

Hübner

2010

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…It is only mentioned that interpolation formulae for the extrapolated high frequency permittivity and the relaxation time of water have been presented for various temperature and frequency ranges [4,5,65], some of them derived for a description of the complex permittivity data by a Cole-Cole [66] instead of a Debye spectral function. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time, including temperatures below 0 • C, has also been represented in terms of physical The inset shows cyclohexane permittivity data as a function of frequency between 500 MHz and 500 GHz [71]. Figure symbols indicate different methods of measurement (see [71]).…”

Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature dependence of the relaxation time, including temperatures below 0 • C, has also been represented in terms of physical The inset shows cyclohexane permittivity data as a function of frequency between 500 MHz and 500 GHz [71]. Figure symbols indicate different methods of measurement (see [71]). models [67,68].…”

Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference liquids for the calibration of dielectric sensors and measurement instruments

Kaatze¹

2007

Meas. Sci. Technol.

145

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A comparative study of microwave complex dielectric permittivity data from different laboratories is provided for liquids. Four liquids—water, cyclohexane, methanol and dimethyl sulphoxide—are recommended as reference materials because their parameter sets from different measurements result in almost identical predictions of their dielectric properties in the frequency range up to 10 GHz. Within the limits of experimental error this agreement includes that of the extrapolated low frequency permittivity with the recently determined static permittivity of the liquids. Parameters for water are given for the frequency range 0–60 °C. For cyclohexane, which does not display relaxation behaviour up to the submillimetre frequency range, the frequency-independent permittivity is represented between 10 and 50 °C. Relaxation and static permittivity data for methanol and dimethyl sulphoxide are presented at 25 °C.

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“…+ , 900 MHz; X , 2.15 GHz.circuit model and the point-matching technique. Non-polar materials, such as cyclohexane, have been characterised to a high degree of accuracy(Afsar et a1 1980) and therefore represent excellent dielectric reference materials but their permittivities and losses are low and other standards are also required for the present work. Polar liquids provide a more suitable range of permittivities but a comprehensive literature survey revealed the sparser and less consistent nature of the polar liquid dielectric data.…”

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confidence: 99%

A critical study of the open-ended coaxial line sensor technique for RF and microwave complex permittivity measurements

Grant

Clarke

Symm

et al. 1989

J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum.

169

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An HP 8510 automatic network analyser and a six-port reflectometer have been used with a purpose-built calculable open-ended coaxial line sensor to measure the reflection coefficients of various materials, including dielectric reference liquids, in the frequency range 50 MHz-2.0 GHz. Factors crucial for calculable measurements have been identified including associated measurement uncertainties. The reference material measurements have been used in critical studies of (i) a commonly employed lumped equivalent circuit model of the fringing fields of the sensor, and (ii) a numerical point-matching theory of the propagating and evanescent modes at the termination of the sensor. The equivalent circuit model is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, to be generally inadequate for the full range of complex permittivities and frequencies which the sensor could otherwise cover. The point-matching theory has been used to predict the reference material reflection coefficients and the agreement with the expected behaviour measured for deionised water is to within 0.007 and 0.7" for the magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient, respectively. An inverse solution based on the point-matching theory has been developed to derive complex permittivity from reflection coefficients and it has been used to measure various polar liquids. We conclude that the inverse point-matching theory should enable a more widespread and accurate exploitation of the sensor technique for various applications including those in biomedicine and industrial quality control.

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A Comparison of Dielectric Measurement Methods for Liquids in the Frequency Range 1 GHz to 4 THz

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Electromagnetic techniques for moisture content determination of materials

Electromagnetic techniques for moisture content determination of materials

Reference liquids for the calibration of dielectric sensors and measurement instruments

A critical study of the open-ended coaxial line sensor technique for RF and microwave complex permittivity measurements

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