A Comparison of Cryogenic-Cooled and Superconducting Electrical Machines

Biasion, Marco; Fernandes, Filipa; Branco, P. J. Costa; Vaschetto, Silvio; Cavagnino, Andrea; Tenconi, Alberto

doi:10.1109/ecce47101.2021.9595182

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…By adding only 4% of nanoparticles, the heat transfer capacity of the cooling system increases by 40%. Another important research topic is the development of cryogenic machines with conventional or superconducting materials [25,26]. These have also been identified as potential solutions to achieve the high specific power/torque requirements for future electric aircraft [27].…”

Section: Trends and Future Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These have also been identified as potential solutions to achieve the high specific power/torque requirements for future electric aircraft [27]. In [25], the performance of two induction machines is investigated and compared when operating at room temperature, at cryogenic conditions, and with superconductors in the rotor. Even with conventional materials, the induction machines present almost double the torque when immersed in liquid nitrogen.…”

Section: Trends and Future Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Recent Developments in Electrical Machine Design for the Electrification of Industrial and Transportation Systems

Fernandes¹,

Bhagubai²,

Branco³

2022

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Trends and Future Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trends and Future Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Electrical Machine Design for the Electrification of Industrial and Transportation Systems

Fernandes¹,

Bhagubai²,

Branco³

2022

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The use of liquid hydrogen as an aviation fuel has led to increasing interest in cryogenic technologies for enhancing the performance of conductors [2] for cables, electric machines and drives [3][4][5], potentially leading to a significant reduction in conductor losses [6][7]. Regarding the winding materials for cryogenic electric machines (CEMs), two types are commonly considered: superconducting materials and hyperconducting materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Characterization of Hyperconducting Aluminum Litz Wires at Cryogenic Temperatures

Zhang,

Iacchetti,

Smith

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryogenic electric machines (CEMs) offer significant potential for highly power-dense and ultra-efficient net-zero aircraft. Aluminum (Al) displays superior conductivity to copper (Cu) at cryotemperatures, making Al Litz wires an attractive option for CEM windings to minimize DC and eddy losses. However, accurately quantifying Al Litz wire losses remains challenging, particularly considering their unknown electromagnetic behavior at different cryo-temperatures and frequencies when embedded in iron cores. To address this, a specialized test setup was developed to measure the losses of two customized Al Litz coils, alongside a Cu Litz coil, under varying cryo-temperatures (25 to 77 K) and frequencies (50 to 1000 Hz). A numerical model was also developed using COMSOL, incorporating a temperature-dependent electrical conductivity and a homogenization model for Litz wires with rectangular cross-sections. The model was incorporated into an analytic design procedure to maximize the test-rig loss ratio within the tight space and maximum heat rejection constraints of the cryostat, to allow accurate loss separation. The experimental data aligns closely with the numerical simulations, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the loss characteristics of Al Litz wires. This study provides a detailed design methodology and serves as a valuable resource for developing CEMs for zero-emission electric aircraft.

show abstract

“…Passive cooling methods work without additional pumps or devices to circulate coolant. Some of them aim to improve heat conduction within machines, particularly between the endwindings and the machine housing, for example, potting material [2], phase change material [3], and different liquids [4][5][6]. Others focus on improving heat convection and radiation at the surface of machine components, for example, heat guides [7] and finned housing [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi‐flooded cooling for high torque density modular permanent magnet machines

Zhang,

Li,

Zhu

et al. 2024

IET Electric Power Appl

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The authors investigate a semi‐flooded cooling technology for modular permanent magnet machines using flux gaps (FGs) in alternate stator teeth for extra cooling channels. The investigated machine is separated into stationary and rotational components by a polyether ether ketone sleeve. Liquid is directed into the stationary component to achieve a significant temperature reduction, at the same time, avoiding the liquid leakage into the rotating component that will cause an increase in friction losses. The FGs in the modular machine increase the contact area between coolant and machine components, resulting in better cooling efficiency. Furthermore, the FGs contribute to reduced pressure loss by minimising system flow resistance. The influence of the FG width on improving machine cooling efficiency, lowering machine temperature, and reducing pressure losses is delved. Additionally, the investigation considers the impact of inlet and outlet areas to reveal the influences stemming from fluid expansions and contractions in these regions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling is employed to simulate the cooling performances of the investigated machines. In addition, the flow network analysis has also been employed to help understand the fluid behaviour within machines. A series of tests have been carried out to validate the CFD modelling.

show abstract

A Comparison of Cryogenic-Cooled and Superconducting Electrical Machines

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Recent Developments in Electrical Machine Design for the Electrification of Industrial and Transportation Systems

Recent Developments in Electrical Machine Design for the Electrification of Industrial and Transportation Systems

Electromagnetic Characterization of Hyperconducting Aluminum Litz Wires at Cryogenic Temperatures

Semi‐flooded cooling for high torque density modular permanent magnet machines

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About