A comparison of creatinine vs. specific gravity to correct for urinary dilution of cotinine

Muscat, Joshua E.; Liu, Anderson; Richie, John P.

doi:10.3109/1354750x.2010.538084

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…1 The value of urine specific gravity measured by refractometry is dependent on the number, size, and weight of urine solutes, with the most abundant molecules in urine from healthy mammals being urea, electrolytes, and creatinine. 36 Two previous studies reported a strong correlation (r = 0.83-0.88, P < .001) between U SG-R and U Creat , 37,38 that was consistent with the results of this study.…”

Section: Urine Creatinine Concentrationsupporting

confidence: 92%

Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on‐farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle

Megahed

Grünberg

Constable

2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Urine concentration (UC) provides clinically useful information concerning hydration status and renal function of animals. Objectives To characterize the clinical performance of urine specific gravity measured by optical refractometry (U SG‐R ) or Multistix‐SG urine reagent dipstick (U SG‐D ), urine electrical conductivity using an OAKTON Con 6 conductivity handheld meter (U EC ), urine color (U Color ) using a custom‐designed 8‐point color chart, and urine creatinine concentration (U Creat ) for assessing UC in dairy cattle. Animals 20 periparturient Holstein‐Friesian cows. Methods Urine was obtained by perineal stimulation or urethral catheterization and urine osmolality (U Osm , reference method), U SG‐R , U SG‐D , U EC , U Color , and U Creat determined. Diagnostic test performance was evaluated using Spearman's rho and logistic regression to determine the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and optimal cut point for diagnosing hypohydration (U Osm ≥800 mOsm/kg). P < .05 was considered significant. Results The best performing test for diagnosing hypohydration was U SG‐R (AUC = 0.90) at an optimal cut point ≥1.030. The second‐best performing test was U EC (AUC = 0.82) at a cut point of ≥23.7 mS/cm, followed by U Creat (AUC = 0.76) at a cut point of ≥95.3 mg/dL, and U Color (AUC = 0.74) at a cut point of ≥4 on an 8‐point scale. Urine specific gravity measured by dipstick performed poorly (AUC = 0.63). Conclusions and Clinical Importance U SG‐R and U EC provide practical and sufficiently accurate methods for measuring UC in dairy cattle. Urine color had moderate clinical utility as a no‐cost cow‐side method for assessing UC, whereas dipstick refractometry is not recommended for assessing UC.

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Section: Urine Creatinine Concentrationsupporting

confidence: 92%

Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on‐farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle

Megahed

Grünberg

Constable

2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Urine concentration adjustment approaches have been compared in exposure biomonitoring research as well. For example, associations between urine cotinine, adjusted for creatinine or specific gravity, and blood cotinine were reported to be comparable in 431 participants (Muscat et al, 2011). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of urine concentration adjustment method on associations between urine metals and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in adolescents

Weaver

Vargas

Silbergeld

et al. 2014

Environmental Research

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Positive associations between urine toxicant levels and measures of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have been reported recently in a range of populations. The explanation for these associations, in a direction opposite that of traditional nephrotoxicity, is uncertain. Variation in associations by urine concentration adjustment approach has also been observed. Associations of urine cadmium, thallium and uranium in models of serum creatinine- and cystatin-C-based estimated GFR (eGFR) were examined using multiple linear regression in a cross-sectional study of adolescents residing near a lead smelter complex. Urine concentration adjustment approaches compared included urine creatinine, urine osmolality and no adjustment. Median age, blood lead and urine cadmium, thallium and uranium were 13.9 years, 4.0 μg/dL, 0.22, 0.27 and 0.04 g/g creatinine, respectively, in 512 adolescents. Urine cadmium and thallium were positively associated with serum creatinine-based eGFR only when urine creatinine was used to adjust for urine concentration (β coefficient=3.1 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% confidence interval=1.4, 4.8 per each doubling of urine cadmium). Weaker positive associations, also only with urine creatinine adjustment, were observed between these metals and serum cystatin-C-based eGFR and between urine uranium and serum creatinine-based eGFR. Additional research using non-creatinine-based methods of adjustment for urine concentration is necessary.

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“…Creatinine-adjusted values for biomarkers were used to correct for urinary dilution (33,34). A natural log transformation was applied to values to meet normality and variance assumptions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behaviors, Biomarkers of Exposure, and Subjective Ratings

Mercincavage

Souprountchouk

Tang

et al. 2016

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background The U.S. FDA has the authority to reduce cigarette nicotine content if found to benefit public health. Reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarette use does not appear to increase harm exposure, but studies have not rigorously assessed smoking behavior or utilized a comprehensive panel of biomarkers. This study examined the effects of progressively decreasing RNC cigarettes on smoking behaviors, biomarkers of exposure, and subjective ratings. Methods 158 daily, non-treatment-seeking smokers participated in a 35-day randomized, unblinded, parallel study. After a 5-day baseline period, participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 80) that smoked progressively decreasing RNC cigarettes during three 10-day periods, or control group (n =78) that smoked their own brand throughout the study. Results Daily cigarette consumption significantly increased for the intermediate RNCs (P’s < 0.001) but approached baseline rate for the lowest RNC (P = 0.686); in contrast, puffing behavior significantly decreased at intermediate levels and increased for the lowest RNC (P’s < 0.001). Cotinine and NNAL significantly decreased by RNC period (P’s ≤ 0.001–0.02), while CO boost initially increased (P’s = 0.001–0.005). 1-HOP did not change by period (P = 0.109). Conclusions Smoking behaviors changed by RNC period via CPD and puffing behavior. Biomarkers of exposure generally decreased with nicotine content. Impact Findings suggest that RNC use does not ubiquitously reduce smoking behaviors or biomarkers, yet the lowest RNC level tested may reduce harm exposure. This emphasizes the importance of utilizing multiple behavioral and biological measures to address the impact of RNC cigarette smoking.

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A comparison of creatinine vs. specific gravity to correct for urinary dilution of cotinine

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on‐farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle

Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on‐farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle

Impact of urine concentration adjustment method on associations between urine metals and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in adolescents

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behaviors, Biomarkers of Exposure, and Subjective Ratings

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