A comparison of cortical bone thickness in the femoral midshaft of humans and two non-human mammals

Croker, Sarah L.; Clement, John G.; Donlon, Denise

doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2009.07.003

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A simple model, in which the contact force is applied to the proximal or distal end of a hollow elliptical tube that represents the femur or the tibia, can be used to estimate stress on the mid-diaphysis periphery. For this analysis, mid-diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry and segment lengths were taken from the literature for the tibia [10] and femur [11]. The findings illustrated in Table 4 suggest that the change in hip joint anterior shear force would create an increase of 9.12 MPa of compressive stress on one side of the bone cross section and reduce the tensile stress by 9.12 MPa on the opposite side.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Contact Forces with Changes in Running Stride Length and Midsole Stiffness

Thomas

Edwards

Derrick

2019

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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The purpose of this study was to determine if lower extremity joint loading was influenced by stride length or shoe midsole cushioning. Ten subjects completed 10 trials of overground running at an average speed of 4.43 m/s in each of three conditions: normal running, running with a stride length (SL) reduced by 10% of normal, and running with a cushioned midsole stiffness (i.e., mechanical impact reduction of 13.7-10.9 g). Reaction forces calculated from inverse dynamics were summed with muscle forces estimated from a musculoskeletal model using static optimization to obtain joint contact forces at the hip, knee and ankle joints. Peak components of the contact forces [axial, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral (ML)] were examined using parametric statistics (α = 0.05). Reducing stride length resulted in significant decreases in absolute peak ankle contact forces in the axial direction (normal: − 14.5 ± 1.5 BW; reduced SL: − 14.0 ± 1.6 BW) and the ML direction (normal: 0.67 ± 0.23 BW; reduced SL: 0.61 ± 0.21 BW). Reducing stride length also reduced the peak absolute axial forces at the knee (normal: − 10.6 ± 1.3 BW; reduced SL: − 9.8 ± 1.2 BW) and the hip (normal: − 7.26 ± 2.24 BW; reduced SL: − 6.75 ± 2.10 BW). The cushioned shoe did not statistically reduce the peak absolute contact forces from the normal stride condition at any of the joints. Post hoc stress analysis suggested that the observed changes in anterior hip force would increase stress more than any of the other statistically significant results. Reductions in stride length appear to decrease some joint contact variables but cushioning in the heel region of the shoe does not.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Contact Forces with Changes in Running Stride Length and Midsole Stiffness

Thomas

Edwards

Derrick

2019

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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“…Suggestions in the literature indicate a potential difference in the thickness of the cortical bone of the long bone shafts between human and non-human mammals that may be useful in identification [13][14][15][16]. Considering that an assessment of the cortical bone thickness would be possible in the majority of long bone shaft fragments, without the use of complicated laboratory techniques or further destruction of the fragment, such a method would have great practical application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative cortical bone thickness between the long bones of humans and five common non-human mammal taxa

Croker

Reed

Donlon

2016

Forensic Science International

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The task of identifying fragments of long bone shafts as human or non-human is difficult but necessary, for both forensic and archaeological cases, and a fast simple method is particularly useful. Previous literature suggests there may be differences in the thickness of the cortical bone between these two groups, but this has not been tested thoroughly. The aim of this study was not only to test this suggestion, but also to provide data that could be of practical assistance for future comparisons. The major limb bones (humerus, radius, femur and tibia) of 50 Caucasoid adult skeletons of known age and sex were radiographed, along with corresponding skeletal elements from sheep, pigs, cattle, large dogs and kangaroos. Measurements were taken from the radiographs at five points along the bone shaft, of shaft diameter, cortical bone thickness, and a cortical thickness index (sum of cortices divided by shaft diameter) in both anteroposterior and mediolateral orientations. Each variable for actual cortical bone thickness as well as cortical thickness indices were compared between the human group (split by sex) and each of the non-human groups in turn, using Student's t-tests. Results showed that while significant differences did exist between the human groups and many of the non-human groups, these were not all in the same direction. That is, some variables in the human groups were significantly greater than, and others were significantly less than, the corresponding variable in the non-human groups, depending on the particular non-human group, sex of the human group, or variable under comparison. This was the case for measurements of both actual cortical bone thickness and cortical thickness index. Therefore, for bone shaft fragments for which the skeletal element is unknown, the overlap in cortical bone thickness between different areas of different bones is too great to allow identification using this method alone. However, by providing extensive cortical bone thickness data for a range of bones, this study may be able to assist in the identification of some bone fragments by providing another piece of evidence that, used in conjunction with other clues, can provide a likely determination of the origin of a bone fragment.

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“…Harsányi, 1993;Hillier and Bell, 2007;Croker et al, 2009;Greenlee and Dunnell, 2009;Mulhern and Ubelaker, 2012). This differentiation is possible because humans have a scattered distribution of cortical osteons, as well as of primary bone types, when compared with other mature mammals that have a plexiform pattern (e.g.…”

Section: Differentiation Between Human Nonhuman Remains and Other Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleohistology and the study of human remains: past, present and future approaches

Assis

Santos

Keenleyside

2016

rev arg antrop biol

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The invention of the microscope revolutionized the course of human knowledge. This instrument changed the face of science and of previous beliefs, expanded the horizons of knowledge, and challenged philosophical and scientific thought, especially in the field of natural sciences and medicine. In the domain of bioarchaeology, the introduction of histological techniques was important; not only to identify body tissues and to diagnose diseases in mummified remains, KeywoRdS microscopy; dry bone remains; multiple approaches but also to understand bone and teeth microstructure, and associated patterns of response to environmental constraints. In this paper a critical review of the major contributions of histology to the growing body of knowledge in paleopathology and bioarchaeology will be presented, focusing on the current multiple applications of microscopy, its limitations, and its future challenges. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 18(2), 2016. doi:10.17139/raab.2016.0018.02.02 PAlABRAS ClAve microscopía, restos humanos, múltiples enfoquesReSUMeN La invención del microscopio ha revolucionado el curso del conocimiento humano. Este instrumento cambió la "cara" de la ciencia y de las creencias anteriores, amplió los horizontes del conocimiento y retó al pensamiento filosófico y científico, especialmente en el campo de las ciencias naturales y la medicina. En el dominio de la bioarqueología, la introducción de técnicas histológicas fue determinante, no sólo para identificar los tejidos del cuerpo y diagnosticar enfermedades en restos momificados, sino también para comprender la microestructura y dinámica de los huesos y los dientes, y los patrones asociados de respuesta a las restricciones ambientales. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión crítica de las principales contribuciones de la histología al creciente cuerpo de conocimientos de la paleopatología y la bioarqueología, con énfasis en las actuales aplicaciones de la microscopía, sus limitaciones y los desafíos para el futuro.

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A comparison of cortical bone thickness in the femoral midshaft of humans and two non-human mammals

Cited by 33 publications

References 24 publications

Joint Contact Forces with Changes in Running Stride Length and Midsole Stiffness

Joint Contact Forces with Changes in Running Stride Length and Midsole Stiffness

Comparative cortical bone thickness between the long bones of humans and five common non-human mammal taxa

Paleohistology and the study of human remains: past, present and future approaches

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