A Comparison of Combustion and Emissions of Diesel Fuels and Oxygenated Fuels in a Modern DI Diesel Engine

Kurtz, Eric; Kuhel, Douglas G; Anderson, James E.; Mueller, Soeren

doi:10.4271/2012-01-1695

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…f NG: natural gas. g Diesel: H/C ratio is 1.95 [58]. d In Case 2 and 3, in continuous smelting process it assumes that the calcine is charged at 400 • C. e Dust is only considered in sulfide ore processing.…”

Section: Inventory Data Of Nickel Productmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nickel Products

et al. 2020

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The primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from nickel smelting products have been assessed through case studies using a process model based on mass and energy balance. The required primary energy for producing nickel metal, nickel oxide, ferronickel, and nickel pig iron is 174 GJ/t alloy (174 GJ/t contained Ni), 369 GJ/t alloy (485 GJ/t contained Ni), 110 GJ/t alloy (309 GJ/t contained Ni), and 60 GJ/t alloy (598 GJ/t contained Ni), respectively. Furthermore, the associated GHG emissions are 14 tCO2-eq/t alloy (14 tCO2-eq/t contained Ni), 30 t CO2-eq/t alloy (40 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni), 6 t CO2-eq/t alloy (18 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni), and 7 t CO2-eq/t alloy (69 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni). A possible carbon emission reduction can be observed by comparing ore type, ore grade, and electricity source, as well as allocation strategy. The suggested process model overcomes the limitation of a conventional life cycle assessment study which considers the process as a ‘black box’ and allows for an identification of further possibilities to implement sustainable nickel production.

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Section: Inventory Data Of Nickel Productmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemistry of raw materials and fuels (unit: H 2 O-mass %; CH 4 , O 2 , N 2 -vol%; rest-dry mass%)[23,47,[51][52][53]55,58].CoO and Fe 2 O 3 in the ore, respectively. Crystal water is used for balance to sum up to 100.…”

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Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nickel Products

et al. 2020

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“…In spite of higher values of the H/C, N/C and O/C, we can also remark on the fact that, apart from higher NOx emission due to the higher N content and lower heating value, using oxygenated biofuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol has significantly reduced the formation of air pollutants like CO, soot and unburned hydrocarbons and increased the combustion efficiency. In addition, developing engine technologies and fuel additives, besides optimizing biocrude production and upgrading systems, will provide a sustainable source of biofuel for commercial purposes [41][42][43][44]. The composition of the biocrudes obtained by GC-MS, grouped by families, is shown in Table 4.…”

Section: N (Wt%) C (Wt%) H (Wt%) S (Wt%) O (Wt%) Hhv (Mj/kg) Er (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalga Using Metal Oxide Catalyst

et al. 2019

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The yield and composition of the biocrude obtained by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Nannocloropsis gaditana using heterogeneous catalysts were evaluated. The catalysts were based on metal oxides (CaO, CeO 2 , La 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 ). The reactions were performed in a batch autoclave reactor at 320 • C for 10 min with a 1:10 (wt/wt) microalga:water ratio. These catalysts increased the yield of the liquefaction phase (from 94.14 ± 0.30 wt% for La 2 O 3 to 99.49 ± 0.11 wt% for MnO 2 ) as compared with the thermal reaction (92.60 ± 1.20 wt%). Consequently, the biocrude yields also raised in the metal oxides catalysed HTL, showing values remarkably higher for the CaO (49.73 ± 0.9 wt%) in comparison to the HTL without catalyst (42.60 ± 0.70 wt%). The N and O content of the biocrude obtained from non-catalytic HTL were 6.11 ± 0.02 wt% and 10.50 ± 0.50 wt%, respectively. In this sense, the use of the metal oxides decreased the N content of the biocrude (4.62 ± 0.15-5.45 ± 0.11 wt%), although, they kept constant or increased its O content (11.39 ± 2.06-21.68 ± 0.03 wt%). This study shows that CaO, CeO 2 and Al 2 O 3 can be promising catalysts based on the remarkable amount of biocrude, the highest values of C, H, heating value, energy recovery, and the lowest content of N, O and S.

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“…Oxygenated fuels play an important role to reduce diesel emissions especially diesel soot and PM emissions [1][2][3][4]. Kurtz et al [5] reported 91% to 97% reductions in PM emissions with oxygenated fuels. Miyamoto et al [6] reported significant reductions in diesel emissions with oxygenated fuels and they also reported that the reductions entirely depended on oxygen content in the fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of fuel-borne oxygen on European Stationary Cycle: Diesel engine performance and emissions with a special emphasis on particulate and NO emissions

Nabi

Zare

Hossain

et al. 2016

Energy Conversion and Management

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Exploration of sustainable fuels and their influence on reductions in diesel emissions are nowadays a challenge for the engine and fuel researchers. This study investigates the role of fuel-borne oxygen on engine performance and exhaust emissions with a special emphasis on diesel particulate and nitric oxide (NO) emissions. A number of oxygenated-blends were prepared with waste cooking biodiesel as a base oxygenated fuel. Triacetin, a derivative from transesterified biodiesel was chosen for its high oxygen content and superior fuel properties. The experimental campaign was conducted with a 6-cylinder, common rail turbocharged diesel engine equipped with highly precise instruments for nano and other size particles and other emissions. All experiments were performed in accordance with European Stationary Cycle (ESC 13-mode). A commercial diesel was chosen as a reference fuel with 0% oxygen and five other oxygenated blends having a range of 6.02-14.2% oxygen were prepared. The experimental results revealed that the oxygenated blends having higher a percentage of fuel-borne oxygen reduced particulate matter (PM), particle number (PN), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions to a significantly low level with a slight penalty of NO emissions. The main target of this study was to effectively utilise triacetin as an additive for waste cooking biodiesel and suppress emissions without deteriorating engine performance. The key finding of this investigation is the significant reductions in both particle mass and number emissions simultaneously without worsening engine performance with triacetin-biodiesel blends. Reductions in both particle mass and number emissions with a cost-effective additive would be a new dimension for the fuel and engine researchers to effectively use triacetin as an emission suppressor in the future.

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A Comparison of Combustion and Emissions of Diesel Fuels and Oxygenated Fuels in a Modern DI Diesel Engine

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nickel Products

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nickel Products

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalga Using Metal Oxide Catalyst

Influence of fuel-borne oxygen on European Stationary Cycle: Diesel engine performance and emissions with a special emphasis on particulate and NO emissions

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