A comparison of amphibian (Xenopus laevis) tadpole and adult frog macrophages

Hossainey, Muhammad Riadul Haque; Yaparla, Amulya; Uzzaman, Zarafsha; Moore, Tyler E.; Grayfer, Leon

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2023.104647

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Recombinant protein expression in Sf9 cells and isolation by nickel affinity was based on the method of Hossainey et al. ( 46 , 47 ). Coding sequences from cDNAs encoding six SpTrf proteins ( Figure 1 ; Table 1 ) were used to produce expression constructs with the pMIB/V5-His expression vector (ThermoFisher) by Gibson assembly (Gibson Assembly Cloning Kit, New England Biolabs).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes

Crow,

Shaw,

Grayfer

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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IntroductionThe California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, relies solely on an innate immune system to combat the many pathogens in the marine environment. One aspect of their molecular defenses is the SpTransformer (SpTrf) gene family that is upregulated in response to immune challenge. The gene sequences are highly variable both within and among animals and likely encode thousands of SpTrf isoforms within the sea urchin population. The native SpTrf proteins bind foreign targets and augment phagocytosis of a marine Vibrio. A recombinant (r)SpTrf-E1-Ec protein produced by E. coli also binds Vibrio but does not augment phagocytosis.MethodsTo address the question of whether other rSpTrf isoforms function as opsonins and augment phagocytosis, six rSpTrf proteins were expressed in insect cells. ResultsThe rSpTrf proteins are larger than expected, are glycosylated, and one dimerized irreversibly. Each rSpTrf protein cross-linked to inert magnetic beads (rSpTrf::beads) results in different levels of surface binding and phagocytosis by phagocytes. Initial analysis shows that significantly more rSpTrf::beads associate with cells compared to control BSA::beads. Binding specificity was verified by pre-incubating the rSpTrf::beads with antibodies, which reduces the association with phagocytes. The different rSpTrf::beads show significant differences for cell surface binding and phagocytosis by phagocytes. Furthermore, there are differences among the three distinct types of phagocytes that show specific vs. constitutive binding and phagocytosis. ConclusionThese findings illustrate the complexity and effectiveness of the sea urchin innate immune system driven by the natSpTrf proteins and the phagocyte cell populations that act to neutralize a wide range of foreign pathogens.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes

Crow,

Shaw,

Grayfer

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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“…This distinction is of importance owing to the multiple crucial roles of monocyte/macrophages found in X. laevis. Indeed, macrophages are not only central innate immune cell effectors against pathogens but are also involved in X. laevis tail regeneration and can specifically activate T cell response [15][16][17]. In urodeles, while little is yet known about their role in host defences against pathogens, macrophages have been shown to have a role in limb and organ regeneration.…”

Section: Lymphoid Organs Tissues and Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the morphology of adult and tadpole macrophages differ, which could be another contributing factor [105]. Notably, the two different ligands of the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34) trigger the generation of two morphologically and functionally distinct macrophage subsets, the IL-34-derived one being more anti-viral than the CSF-1-derived one [17,106]. In addition, macrophages are involved in ranaviral persistence by harbouring quiescent virus in asymptomatic frogs that can be reactivated by inflammation or TLR5 stimulation into a more virulent and deadly infection [33,107].…”

Section: Pathogen Host Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The amphibian immune system

Ruiz

Robert

2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Amphibians are at the forefront of bridging the evolutionary gap between mammals and more ancient, jawed vertebrates. Currently, several diseases have targeted amphibians and understanding their immune system has importance beyond their use as a research model. The immune system of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis , and that of mammals is well conserved. We know that several features of the adaptive and innate immune system are very similar for both, including the existence of B cells, T cells and innate-like T cells. In particular, the study of the immune system at early stages of development is benefitted by studying X. laevis tadpoles. The tadpoles mainly rely on innate immune mechanisms including pre-set or innate-like T cells until after metamorphosis. In this review we lay out what is known about the innate and adaptive immune system of X. laevis including the lymphoid organs as well as how other amphibian immune systems are similar or different. Furthermore, we will describe how the amphibian immune system responds to some viral, bacterial and fungal insults. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology’.

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The Immune System of Amphibians

Robert

2024

Reference Module in Life Sciences

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A comparison of amphibian (Xenopus laevis) tadpole and adult frog macrophages

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes

Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes

The amphibian immune system

The Immune System of Amphibians

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