A comparison of ammoniacal and nitrate nutrition of perennial ryegrass through a thermodynamic model

Middleton, K. R.; Smith, G. S.

doi:10.1007/bf02140720

Cited by 40 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Moreover, the recent findings of Buwalda & Smith (1987) that the carbohydrate budget of kiwifruit vines is strictly limited is supportive of these vines having to grow for considerable periods of time under suboptimal light conditions. Thus, in terms of energy expenditure it would be a distinct advantage for ammonium to be used as the source of nitrogen, as the assimilation of ammonium requires 8'Xi less energy than that of nitrate after allowing for anion to cation imbalance (Middleton and Smith, 1979). Furthermore, it is energetically more efficient for plants to use inorganic ions for generating osmotic pressure rather than organic solutes.…”

Section: Ecological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of light and form of nitrogen on chlorine requirement of kiwifruit

et al. 1988

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SUMMARYThe extent to which light, potassium, and form of nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate-nitrogen) modified the requirement by kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. dcliciosa) for chlorine was examined in solution culture. A greater concentration of chloride was required in the nutrient solution for maximum growth under low irradiance than under high irradiance. In the absence of chloride, growth was severely restricted and the response to potassium was significantly reduced, especially under low light.Greater concentrations of chloride accumulated in the leaves of plants grown under high irradiance than under low irradiance. Increasing the concentration of nitrate in tbe leaves either by growing the plants under low light or by increasing the quantity of nitrate in the nutrient solution, substantially reduced tbe accumulation of chloride. The decrease in the concentration of chloride was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of nitrate. Thus the combined concentration of nitrate and chloride was relatively constant over a wide range of treatments suggesting that a negative feedback mecbanism may be operating in this species. However, while nitrate was preferentially accumulated by kiwifruit plants it could not substitute fully for chloride. Once the concentration of chloride in the leaves was decreased below 70//mol g ' d. wt by competing nitrate ions, growth was substantially reduced. It is concluded that the effect of light on the chloride status of kiwifruit plants can largely be explained in terms of the strong competitive effect from nitrate ions, witb greater concentrations of nitrate accumulating in rhe leaves under low irradiance than under high irradiance.Tbe negative effect of potassium on the chloride status of the plants is not considered to be a specific physiological effect but rather the consequence of chloride, along with other non-limiting nutrients, accumulating in the tissues of the severely potassium deficient plants.The ecological implications of the results are discussed in relation to features of the habitat in China where kiwifruit vines have evolved. The results of tbe present study are entirely consistent with this species having evolved in an environment where tbe availability of cbloride and ammonium is relatively high while that of nitrate is severely restricted. It is concluded that the high concentration of chloride required in the tissues of kiwifruit vines is an adaptation which minimizes the expenditure of energy on the generation of osmotic pressure in the tissues rather than specifically maintaining charge balance.

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Section: Ecological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of light and form of nitrogen on chlorine requirement of kiwifruit

et al. 1988

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“…Calculations suggest that the energy advantage of ammonia assimilation compared to nitrate is small (Middleton and Smith, 1979), but solution culture studies indicate that growth rates in wheat, for example, are sensitive to the ratio of ammonium to nitrate taken up (Cox and Reisenauer, 1973). Without information on the forms of nitrogen actually taken up in the field, it is not clear whether form of nitrogen is an important factor controlling crop yield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments

Geens¹,

Davies²,

Maggs³

et al. 1991

Plant Soil

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A pulse dilution ~SN technique was used in the field to determine the effect of the ammonium to nitrate ratio in a fertilizer application on the uptake of ammonium and nitrate by ryegrass and on gross rates of mineralization and nitrification. Two experiments were performed, corresponding approximately to the first and second cuts of grass. Where no substantial recent immobilization of inorganic nitrogen had occurred, mineralization was insensitive to the form of nitrogen applied, ranging from 2.1-2.6 kg N ha -1 d -1. The immobilization of ammonium increased as the proportion of ammonium in the application increased. In the second experiment there was evidence that high rates of immobilization in the first experiment were associated with high rates of mineralization in the second. The implication was that some nitrogen immobilized in the first experiment was re-mineralized during the second. Whether this was nitrogen taken up, stored in roots and released following defoliation was not clear. Nitrification rates in this soil were low (0.1-0.63 kg N ha -1 d-l), and as a result, varying the ratio of ammonium to nitrate applied markedly altered the relative uptake of ammonium and nitrate. In the first experiment, where temperatures were low, preferential uptake of ammonium occurred, but where >90% of the uptake was as ammonium, a reduction in yield and nitrogen uptake was observed. In the second experiment, where temperatures and growth rates were higher, the proportion of ammonium to nitrate taken up had no effect on yield or nitrogen uptake.

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“…Under low O2 conditions, NO3 is readily denitrified and lost by leaching, while nitrifying bacteria are inactive (9,17,21). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Ammonium in fertile neutral soil is converted to NO3 (nitrification) by soil bacteria so that most of the Ν is available and taken up by plants as NO3. In contrast, in acid soils that have a pH below 5.0, or in water-logged soils, nitrifying bacteria are inactive, and Ν remains available to plants only in the NH4 form (9,17,21). The use of nitrification inhibitors, such as nitrapyrin to reduce Ν losses from leaching and denitrification, increase the proportion of NH4 available for assimilation by plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Similarities in response of maize genotypes to water logging and ammonium toxicity¹

Magalhães

Machado

Huber

1995

Journal of Plant Nutrition

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Plant growth, total nitrogen (N), and free ammonia (NH 3 ) in tissue of different maize genotypes were compared in the presence of either nitrate (NO 3 )-or ammonium (NH 4 )-forms of Ν at two oxygen (O 2 ) levels in solution culture. Shoot and root growth was significantly less with ΝΉ 4 than with NO 3 under low O 2 conditions; however, NH 4 toxicity was significantly reduced by supplying maize plants with additional O 2 in the solution culture, and root and shoot growth of NH 4 -supplied plants were not significantly different than that of NO 3 -treated plants.On the other hand, maize genotypes differed significantly in their response to Ν forms and O 2 . The genotype, Saracura, selected for tolerance to water logging, had the highest tolerance to ΝΉ 4 based on plant growth under low O 2 pressure and the concentration of free NH 4 in tissues. This research suggests there may be a common mechanism or an interaction with the mechanism for tolerance to NH 4 and water logging.

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A comparison of ammoniacal and nitrate nutrition of perennial ryegrass through a thermodynamic model

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Influence of light and form of nitrogen on chlorine requirement of kiwifruit

Influence of light and form of nitrogen on chlorine requirement of kiwifruit

The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments

Similarities in response of maize genotypes to water logging and ammonium toxicity¹

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A comparison of ammoniacal and nitrate nutrition of perennial ryegrass through a thermodynamic model

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Influence of light and form of nitrogen on chlorine requirement of kiwifruit

Influence of light and form of nitrogen on chlorine requirement of kiwifruit

The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments

Similarities in response of maize genotypes to water logging and ammonium toxicity1

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Similarities in response of maize genotypes to water logging and ammonium toxicity¹