A Comparison between Horizontal and Vertical Interchannel Decorrelation

Gribben, Christopher

doi:10.3390/app7111202

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Commercial 3D audio formats often see the inclusion of height-channel loudspeakers positioned above a mainlayer of loudspeakers-examples of such systems include Auro-3D [1], Dolby Atmos [2], and DTS:X [3]. Given the upward extension of the sound field from established twodimensional (2D) formats (e.g., 5.1 and 7.1 surround), it is necessary to conduct fundamental investigations into the perception of interchannel signal relationships in the vertical domain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frequency and Loudspeaker-Azimuth Dependencies of Vertical Interchannel Decorrelation on the Vertical Spread of an Auditory Image

Gribben¹

2018

J. Audio Eng. Soc.

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In horizontal stereophony, it is known that interchannel correlation relates to the horizontal spread of a phantom auditory image. However, little is known about the perceptual effect of interchannel correlation on vertical image spread (VIS) between two vertically-arranged loudspeakers. The present study investigates this through two subjective experiments: (i) a multiple comparison of relative VIS for stimuli with varying degrees of correlation; and (ii) the absolute measurement of upper and lower VIS boundaries for extreme stimuli conditions. Octave-band (center frequencies: 63 Hz to 16 kHz) and broadband pink noise signals have been decorrelated using two techniques: all-pass filtering and complementary comb-filtering. These stimuli were presented from vertically-spaced loudspeaker pairs at three azimuth angles (0• , ±30• , and ±110 • ), with each angle assessed discretely. Both the relative and absolute test results show no significant effect of vertical correlation on VIS for the 63 Hz, 125 Hz, and 250 Hz bands. For the 500 Hz band and above, there is a general tendency for VIS to increase as correlation decreases, which is observed for both decorrelation methods. This association is strongest at 0• azimuth for the 500 Hz and 1 kHz bands; at ±30• for 8 kHz and Broadband; and at ±110• for 2 kHz, 4 kHz, and 16 kHz. The 8 kHz band at ±30• has the strongest association of all conditions-post-hoc objective analysis indicates a potential relationship between HRTF localization cues (pinna filtering) and VIS perception within this frequency region. Furthermore, the absolute test results suggest that changes of VIS from interchannel decorrelation are fairly slight, with only the Broadband and 16 kHz bands showing a significant increase. The deviations of boundary scores also suggest a difficulty grading absolute VIS and/or potential disagreements among listeners.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frequency and Loudspeaker-Azimuth Dependencies of Vertical Interchannel Decorrelation on the Vertical Spread of an Auditory Image

Gribben¹

2018

J. Audio Eng. Soc.

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“…For example, an inherent vertical spread may have occurred due to the different frequencies (melodic parts) being perceived from different heights, i.e., the pitch-height effect [18]. This hypothesis has previously been suggested by the authors in earlier studies, where a potential pitch-height effect was observed when vertically decorrelating band-limited pink noise at 0 • azimuth [8], [19], however, additional investigations are required to assess the hypothesis further.…”

Section: A Sound Source Dependencymentioning

confidence: 93%

The Perception of Band-Limited Decorrelation Between Vertically Oriented Loudspeakers

Gribben¹

2020

IEEE/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process.

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Two experiments have been conducted to investigate the perceptual effect of band-limited interchannel decorrelation between vertically oriented loudspeakers. The perceived vertical image spread (VIS) and tonal quality (TQ) of phantom auditory images have been subjectively assessed in multiple comparison trials. The aim of the article was to find a lower decorrelation boundary that provides a significant increase of VIS, whilst maintaining TQ close to that of the original source. For test stimuli, decorrelation was applied to natural sound sources and pink noise in groups of octave-bands, where the lowest band was varied between 63 Hz and 8 kHz and the upper band was fixed at 16 kHz, resulting in eight decorrelated conditions for each source. Unprocessed octave-bands below the lower boundary were reproduced simultaneously through the lower main-layer loudspeaker only, and a monophonic main-layer only condition was also included in the comparison alongside the decorrelated stimuli. Results reveal that vertical decorrelation of the 500 Hz octave-band and above tends to significantly increase VIS, similar to that of broadband decorrelation, with little impact on TQ. In some cases, decorrelation of higher octave-bands and above can also produce similar increases of VIS with less impact on TQ, however, this is shown to be largely source-dependent. These results suggest that vertical decorrelation of lower frequencies has little perceptual benefit, and band-limiting vertical decorrelation to higher frequencies is likely to reduce low frequency phase cancellation. Applications of such an approach include 2D-to-3D upmixing and binaural audio rendering, with additional implications for 3D audio recording.

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“…Decorrelation is also frequency dependent [121]. Since low-frequency decorrelation has been reported to be important for LEV [122], various decorrelation methods have been proposed [118,123,124]. Furthermore, decorrelation of vertically oriented signals has been found to have a minimal, or no, effect on the vertical spread of virtual sources, depending on source frequency [124,125].…”

Section: Perceptually Motivated Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial audio signal processing for binaural reproduction of recorded acoustic scenes – review and challenges

Rafaely

Tourbabin²,

Habets³

et al. 2022

Acta Acust.

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Spatial audio has been studied for several decades, but has seen much renewed interest recently due to advances in both software and hardware for capture and playback, and the emergence of applications such as virtual reality and augmented reality. This renewed interest has led to the investment of increasing efforts in developing signal processing algorithms for spatial audio, both for capture and for playback. In particular, due to the popularity of headphones and earphones, many spatial audio signal processing methods have dealt with binaural reproduction based on headphone listening. Among these new developments, processing spatial audio signals recorded in real environments using microphone arrays plays an important role. Following this emerging activity, this paper aims to provide a scientific review of recent developments and an outlook for future challenges. This review also proposes a generalized framework for describing spatial audio signal processing for the binaural reproduction of recorded sound. This framework helps to understand the collective progress of the research community, and to identify gaps for future research. It is composed of five main blocks, namely: the acoustic scene, recording, processing, reproduction, and perception and evaluation. First, each block is briefly presented, and then, a comprehensive review of the processing block is provided. This includes topics from simple binaural recording to Ambisonics and perceptually motivated approaches, which focus on careful array configuration and design. Beamforming and parametric-based processing afford more flexible designs and shift the focus to processing and modeling of the sound field. Then, emerging machine- and deep-learning approaches, which take a further step towards flexibility in design, are described. Finally, specific methods for signal transformations such as rotation, translation and enhancement, enabling additional flexibility in reproduction and improvement in the quality of the binaural signal, are presented. The review concludes by highlighting directions for future research.

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A Comparison between Horizontal and Vertical Interchannel Decorrelation

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

The Frequency and Loudspeaker-Azimuth Dependencies of Vertical Interchannel Decorrelation on the Vertical Spread of an Auditory Image

The Frequency and Loudspeaker-Azimuth Dependencies of Vertical Interchannel Decorrelation on the Vertical Spread of an Auditory Image

The Perception of Band-Limited Decorrelation Between Vertically Oriented Loudspeakers

Spatial audio signal processing for binaural reproduction of recorded acoustic scenes – review and challenges

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