“…Research on computer-assisted interviewing has suggested generally that sensitive behaviors may prompt reticence from informants (Des Jarlais et al 1999; Kissinger et al 1999;Kurth et al 2004), although some studies have found mixed (Perils et al 2004) or negative results (Couper et al 2003). Sexual information may be especially problematic.…”
Section: Implementation Issues In Collecting Network Datamentioning
“…Research on computer-assisted interviewing has suggested generally that sensitive behaviors may prompt reticence from informants (Des Jarlais et al 1999; Kissinger et al 1999;Kurth et al 2004), although some studies have found mixed (Perils et al 2004) or negative results (Couper et al 2003). Sexual information may be especially problematic.…”
Section: Implementation Issues In Collecting Network Datamentioning
“…However, a growing number of studies indicate higher reporting of sexual risk and drug-using behaviors with computerbased compared to in-person surveys. [46][47][48][49] A recent survey comparing online and offline samples found that the online sample of HIV-negative and never-tested men was significantly more likely to report high risk sexual behavior than were men surveyed offline. 50 Internet-based surveys have the added advantage of eliminating interviewer bias and respondent social desirability bias.…”
Internet access has caused a global revolution in the way people of all ages and genders interact. Many have turned to the Internet to seek love, companionship, and sex, prompting researchers to move behavioral studies online. The sexual behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) has been more closely studied than that of any other group online given the abundance of gay-oriented websites and concerns about increasing transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Not only does the Internet provide a new medium for the conduct of behavioral research and for participant recruitment into an array of research studies, it has the as yet unrealized potential to reach huge numbers of MSM with innovative harm reduction and prevention messages tailored to individualized needs, interests, and risk behavior. Internet-based research on sexual behavior has many advantages in rapidity of recruitment of diverse samples which include individuals unreachable through conventional methods (i.e., non-gay identified and geographically and socially isolated MSM, etc.). Internet-based research also presents some new methodologic challenges in study design, participant recruitment, survey implementation, and interpretation of results. In addition, there are ethical issues unique to online research including difficulties in verifying informed consent, obstacles to surveying minors, and the ability to assure anonymity. This paper presents a review of Internet-based research on sexual behavior in MSM, a general discussion of the methodologic and ethical challenges of Internet-based research, and recommendations for future interdisciplinary research.
“…Studies in many domains have demonstrated that computer administration of sensitive questions has been shown to increase reporting levels of sensitive behaviors, particularly in comparison with interviewer-based administration [73,74] as patients prefer and are more willing to disclose sensitive information to a computer rather than an interviewer [74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]. Direct computer entry further enhances the quality of data by not allowing double or ambiguous answers [88], and it is often associated with a lower rate of unanswered questions than paper forms [80,82,85,88,89] because patients must provide a valid response to a question and/or press the "next" button to move on.Besides computer administration, several other alternatives to interviewer-based collection of adherence information are available. These include paper questionnaires, diaries, interactive voice response (IVR) calls, and text messaging.…”
Medication adherence plays an important role in optimizing the outcomes of many treatment and preventive regimens in chronic illness. Self-report is the most common method for assessing adherence behavior in research and clinical care, but there are questions about its validity and precision. The NIH Adherence Network assembled a panel of adherence research experts working across various chronic illnesses to review selfreport medication adherence measures and research on their validity. Self-report medication adherence measures vary substantially in their question phrasing, recall periods, and response items. Self-reports tend to overestimate adherence behavior compared with other assessment methods and generally have high specificity but low sensitivity. Most evidence indicates that self-report adherence measures show moderate correspondence to other adherence measures and can significantly predict clinical outcomes. The quality of self-report adherence measures may be enhanced through efforts to use validated scales, assess the proper construct, improve estimation, facilitate recall, reduce social desirability bias, and employ technologic delivery. Self-report medication adherence measures can provide actionable information despite their limitations. They are preferred when speed, efficiency, and low-cost measures are required, as is often the case in clinical care.
KeywordsAdherence, Compliance, Self-management, Medication, Self-report Valid measurement of medication adherence plays a crucial role in healthcare and health research. When a patient is not benefiting from a medication regimen, clinicians need sound adherence information to determine whether the medication is ineffective or not being taken as prescribed. Assessing medication adherence during routine clinical care can further ensure that individuals in need of adherence support interventions receive them, ideally before deleterious outcomes occur. In the context of clinical research, proper interpretation of proof-of-concept trials testing new pharmacologic regimens requires valid adherence data, because any null findings may stem from poor adherence rather than a lack of drug efficacy. Research designed to understand and promote medication adherence also requires precise methods of adherence assessment.Among many approaches to assessing medication adherence, patient self-report measures remain the most common method [1][2][3][4][5][6]. These measures are defined by asking respondents to characterize their medication adherence behavior. Self-report measures of medication adherence range from simple singleitem questions regarding missed doses to complex multi-item assessments that incorporate reasons for nonadherence [7]. The widespread use of self-report adherence measures in clinical care and research reflects their low cost and ease of implementation across a large variety of medication regimens.There are two primary challenges related to selfreport measures of medication adherence.
ImplicationsPractice: Routine assessment of medication...
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