A comparative study on the windowed and multi-cell square tubes under axial and oblique loading

A Survey Paper on Factors Controlling the Energy Absorption of Crash Box

“…Research in this area is relatively limited. [9] Energy absorption drops drastically when global bending mode is initiated instead of progressive buckling, and it decreases further with increasing load angle. Mean load also decreases with increasing load angle.…”

“…Much research have studied either aluminum/aluminum alloy [1,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,13] or steel [1,2,7,9,14,15]. Other materials like Glass Reinforced Composite, Kevlar Reinforced Composite have also been studied by some researchers [2].…”

“…Quasi-static analysis of tubes is preferred by some researcher [2,4,5,10,11,13,15] while others have opted for dynamic analysis [1,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,15]. However loading in realworld accidental case is primarily dynamic or impulsive in nature [13].…”

“…Software is used for analysis in many cases [1, 3, 6-10, 13, 14, 15]. Some are using ABAQUS [3,9,13,15], while other researchers have used LS-DYNA [6,7,10,14]. Some have used ANSYS-LS-DYNA [1,8] and one researcher has used PAM-CRASH [12].…”

“…But oblique impacts are much more common in real crash events [8]. Oblique loading is considered by some researchers [4,6,8,9,10,13]. Despite extensive research on axial crushing, crash box in real crash scenarios are usually subjected to oblique loading, i.e.…”