A Comparative Study on the Oro-Nasal Region of the External Face of the Gorilla as a Contribution to Cranio-Facial Biology of Primates

Hofer, H.

doi:10.1159/000155497

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…This seems relatively unlikely, however, and these facial differences could as likely be related to differences in the structure and function of the fleshy nose and facial musculature [cf. Hofer, 1972], The differences in the growth patterns and positioning of the nasal aperture may also relate to functional differences in the associated matrix of the internal nasal region. Additional work and considerations arc required before more definitive conclusions may be reached.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size and Diet in the Evolution of African Ape Craniodental Form

Shea¹

1983

IJFP

118

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Interspecific differences in craniodental morphology among Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla are analyzed. These apes differ in both diet and body size, and thus present an excellent example in which to apply an allometric criterion of subtraction in order to determine morphological differences which might be related to divergent dietary specialization. The use of ontogenetic allometry in particular as a criterion of subtraction is discussed. Bivariate and multivariate results indicate that most of the variation in skull form among the species relates to the extension of a common growth trend to different sizes. Comparative analysis of growth trajectories reveals a number of differences, but none that appear to relate to a reorganization of skull proportions which might correspond to a dietary shift towards increased folivory. The dentition clearly exhibits non-allometric shape changes corresponding to the dietary differences, however. The meaning of these differences between cranial and dental patterns is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size and Diet in the Evolution of African Ape Craniodental Form

Shea¹

1983

IJFP

118

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“…The cartilaginous elements of the human nose, especially the alae, are substantially different from the general anthropoid pattern (Hooton, 1947;Hofer, 1972). Pan and Pongo exhibit minimal development of the alae.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Gorilla exhibits slightly more develop-Although not related directly to nasal prominence, the fusion of the internasal suture in Gorilla often results in a blunt, sagittally oriented, median ridge along the superior portion of the suture. This structure results in a corresponding ridge in the soft tissue of the nose (the external dorsum nasi), a blunt ridge of the integument in the median plane originating superior to the nose shield and approaching glabella where it disappears (Hofer, 1972). This skeletal feature, while occurring in Iow frequencies in modern humans (Weidenreich, 1943) and Pan (Hofer, 1972), interestingly occurs in a very high frequency among Plio-Pleistocene hominids.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This structure results in a corresponding ridge in the soft tissue of the nose (the external dorsum nasi), a blunt ridge of the integument in the median plane originating superior to the nose shield and approaching glabella where it disappears (Hofer, 1972). This skeletal feature, while occurring in Iow frequencies in modern humans (Weidenreich, 1943) and Pan (Hofer, 1972), interestingly occurs in a very high frequency among Plio-Pleistocene hominids. It is clearly evident on A.L.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nasal morphology and the emergence of Homo erectus

Franciscus

Trinkaus

1988

American J Phys Anthropol

111

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Modern humans, among extant hominoids, possess a unique projecting, external nose whose basic structure is reflected in a series of skeletal features including nasal bone convexity, an internasal angle, lateral nasal aperture eversion, prominence and anterior positioning of the anterior nasal spine, an acute angle of the subnasal alveolar clivus, and an expansion of the breadth of the nasal bones relative to that of the piriform aperture. This anatomy appears with the emergence of Homo erectus ca. 1.6 million years ago. Although it undoubtedly evolved in the context of craniofacial and dental reduction during hominid evolution, it appears to have been primarily a response to the need for moisture conservation in an arid environment via turbulence enhancement and ambient cooling of expired air. Its appearance at this time in hominid evolution, in conjunction with the presence of a fatigue-resistant locomotor anatomy characteristic of archaic members of the genus Homo, indicates a shift to increasingly prolonged bouts of activity in open and arid environments.

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“…In lowland gorillas, on the other hand, the nasal bones are usually set in a maxilla that is nearly flattened in a coronal plane (cf. Hofer, 1972;Franciscus and Trinkaus, 1988). Less often they resemble mountain gorillas.…”

Section: Facial Morphology In Modern Hominines and A Africanusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual dimorphism in the face of Australopithecus africanus

Lockwood

1999

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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Recently discovered crania of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein Member 4 and Makapansgat enlarge the size range of the species and encourage a reappraisal of both the degree and pattern of sexual dimorphism. Resampling methodology (bootstrapping) is used here to establish that A. africanus has a greater craniofacial size range than chimpanzees or modern humans, a range which is best attributed to a moderately high degree of sexual dimorphism. Compared to other fossil hominins, this variation is similar to that of Homo habilis (sensu lato) but less than that of A. boisei. The finding of moderately high dimorphism is corroborated by a CV-based estimate and ratios between those specimens considered to be male and those considered to be female. Inferences about the pattern of craniofacial dimorphism in the A. africanus face currently rely on the relationship of morphology and size. Larger specimens, particularly Stw 505, show prominent superciliary eminences and glabellar regions, but in features related in part to canine size, such as the curvature of the infraorbital surface, large and small specimens of A. africanus are similar. In this respect, the pattern resembles that of modern humans more so than chimpanzees or lowland gorillas. A. africanus may also show novel patterns of sexual dimorphism when compared to extant hominines, such as in the form of the anterior pillar. However, males of the species do not exhibit characteristics of more derived hominins, such as A. robustus.

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A Comparative Study on the Oro-Nasal Region of the External Face of the Gorilla as a Contribution to Cranio-Facial Biology of Primates

Abstract: This paper describes the external morphology of the oro-nasal region of Gorilla, in comparison with Pan. The pattern of furrows involved in certain movements of this region is described. There is a basic pattern of furrows common to man and pongids.

Cited by 11 publications

References 1 publication

Size and Diet in the Evolution of African Ape Craniodental Form

Size and Diet in the Evolution of African Ape Craniodental Form

Nasal morphology and the emergence of Homo erectus

Sexual dimorphism in the face of Australopithecus africanus

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