A Comparative Study on the Dynamic EEG Center of Mass with Different References

Qin, Yun; Xin, Xiuwei; Zhu, Hao; Li, Fali; Xiong, Hongchuan; Zhang, Tao; Lai, Yongxiu

doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00509

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Over the years, many researchers have provided evidence and advice on the choice of different reference electrodes. Simulation and experimental ERP studies with a visual oddball paradigm indicated that AR and LM (Linked Mastoids) may change the amplitude of P300 and distort the CM trajectory and its instantaneous velocity, while REST continues to provide objective results (Qin et al, 2017 ). A large-scale brain network simulation analysis compared REST with Fz, Oz, LM and AR and showed that the relative errors followed the pattern REST < AR < LM < (Fz, Oz), which indicated that REST was a potentially preferable reference (Lei and Liao, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physical basis of this operation is that the potentials before and after conversion are all derived from the actual neural electrical activity source in the brain (Hu et al, 2018 ). Although different reference electrodes have been investigated in many studies (Ferree, 2006 ; Nunez and Srinivasan, 2006 ; Huang et al, 2017 ; Lei and Liao, 2017 ; Qin et al, 2017 ), most of them are based on model simulated data; it is still unclear what the accurate estimation of the differences is for real EEG recordings in various experimental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Standardized Infinity Reference and Average Reference for EEG of Three Typical Brain States

Zheng

et al. 2018

Front. Neurosci.

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The choice of different reference electrodes plays an important role in deciphering the functional meaning of electroencephalography (EEG) signals. In recent years, the infinity zero reference using the reference electrode standard technique (REST) has been increasingly applied, while the average reference (AR) was generally advocated as the best available reference option in previous classical EEG studies. Here, we designed EEG experiments and performed a direct comparison between the influences of REST and AR on EEG-revealed brain activity features for three typical brain behavior states (eyes-closed, eyes-open and music-listening). The analysis results revealed the following observations: (1) there is no significant difference in the alpha-wave-blocking effect during the eyes-open state compared with the eyes-closed state for both REST and AR references; (2) there was clear frontal EEG asymmetry during the resting state, and the degree of lateralization under REST was higher than that under AR; (3) the global brain functional connectivity density (FCD) and local FCD have higher values for REST than for AR under different behavior states; and (4) the value of the small-world network characteristic in the eyes-closed state is significantly (in full, alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands) higher than that in the eyes-open state, and the small-world effect under the REST reference is higher than that under AR. In addition, the music-listening state has a higher small-world network effect than the eyes-closed state. The above results suggest that typical EEG features might be more clearly presented by applying the REST reference than by applying AR when using a 64-channel recording.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Standardized Infinity Reference and Average Reference for EEG of Three Typical Brain States

Zheng

et al. 2018

Front. Neurosci.

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“…Some previous studies compared the three different references method by using simulated dipoles and real EEG data. And the results of simulated data showed that through all the EEG frequency bands including theta, delta, alpha, beta, the features, like power spectra (Trujillo et al, 2017 ), non-linear features (Chella et al, 2017 ), the different network connectivity structures, such as default mode network (Qin et al, 2010 ), the EEG center of mass (Qin et al, 2017 ), sensor level functional connectivity graphs (Huang et al, 2017 ), the large-scale brain network (Lei and Liao, 2017 ), obtained from the REST were more accurate than other references. For real EEG data, there were significant differences existing in the statistics for REST and other references, for example, the ERPs in the audiovisual stimulus, REST changed in the experimental effect (Tian and Yao, 2013 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hearing the Sound in the Brain: Influences of Different EEG References

2018

Front. Neurosci.

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If the scalp potential signals, the electroencephalogram (EEG), are due to neural “singers” in the brain, how could we listen to them with less distortion? One crucial point is that the data recording on the scalp should be faithful and accurate, thus the choice of reference electrode is a vital factor determining the faithfulness of the data. In this study, music on the scalp derived from data in the brain using three different reference electrodes were compared, including approximate zero reference—reference electrode standardization technique (REST), average reference (AR), and linked mastoids reference (LM). The classic music pieces in waveform format were used as simulated sources inside a head model, and they were forward calculated to scalp as standard potential recordings, i.e., waveform format music from the brain with true zero reference. Then these scalp music was re-referenced into REST, AR, and LM based data, and compared with the original forward data (true zero reference). For real data, the EEG recorded in an orthodontic pain control experiment were utilized for music generation with the three references, and the scale free index (SFI) of these music pieces were compared. The results showed that in the simulation for only one source, different references do not change the music/waveform; for two sources or more, REST provide the most faithful music/waveform to the original ones inside the brain, and the distortions caused by AR and LM were spatial locations of both source and scalp electrode dependent. The brainwave music from the real EEG data showed that REST and AR make the differences of SFI between two states more recognized and found the frontal is the main region that producing the music. In conclusion, REST can reconstruct the true signals approximately, and it can be used to help to listen to the true voice of the neural singers in the brain.

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“…One important drawback of the scalp analysis derives from the reference choice. It has been demonstrated that a non-neutral reference influences the voltage waveform, the voltage weighted by the spatial coordinates of all the channels spectral distribution, the coherence and the network analysis ( Qin et al, 2010 , 2017 ; Chella et al, 2016 ). To overcome these limitations, it has been proposed a reference electrode standardization technique (REST) that approximately transforms multichannel recordings with a scalp point into real EEG data using an infinity neutral reference ( Yao, 2001 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG Spectral Generators Involved in Motor Imagery: A swLORETA Study

et al. 2017

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In order to characterize the neural generators of the brain oscillations related to motor imagery (MI), we investigated the cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar localizations of their respective electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power and phase locking modulations. The MI task consisted in throwing a ball with the dominant upper limb while in a standing posture, within an ecological virtual reality (VR) environment (tennis court). The MI was triggered by the visual cues common to the control condition, during which the participant remained mentally passive. As previously developed, our paradigm considers the confounding problem that the reference condition allows two complementary analyses: one which uses the baseline before the occurrence of the visual cues in the MI and control resting conditions respectively; and the other which compares the analog periods between the MI and the control resting-state conditions. We demonstrate that MI activates specific, complex brain networks for the power and phase modulations of the EEG oscillations. An early (225 ms) delta phase-locking related to MI was generated in the thalamus and cerebellum and was followed (480 ms) by phase-locking in theta and alpha oscillations, generated in specific cortical areas and the cerebellum. Phase-locking preceded the power modulations (mainly alpha–beta ERD), whose cortical generators were situated in the frontal BA45, BA11, BA10, central BA6, lateral BA13, and posterior cortex BA2. Cerebellar-thalamic involvement through phase-locking is discussed as an underlying mechanism for recruiting at later stages the cortical areas involved in a cognitive role during MI.

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A Comparative Study on the Dynamic EEG Center of Mass with Different References

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

A Comparative Study of Standardized Infinity Reference and Average Reference for EEG of Three Typical Brain States

A Comparative Study of Standardized Infinity Reference and Average Reference for EEG of Three Typical Brain States

Hearing the Sound in the Brain: Influences of Different EEG References

EEG Spectral Generators Involved in Motor Imagery: A swLORETA Study

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