A comparative study on clean ammonia production using chemical looping based technology

Pereira, Reinaldo Juan Lee; Argyris, Panagiotis Alexandros; Spallina, Vincenzo

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115874

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…A cyclic configuration was chosen for the reactor size and cost because circulating fluidized bed reactors face issues operating at high pressures. 56 Hence, the impact of the outlet temperature of the chemical looping reactor was considered, and it was found to have no effect on the total power consumption of the CL case because the compressor operating conditions are isolated from the reactor. However, it can impact the power output of the turbine by decreasing the maximum temperature of the superheated steam.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the ammonia synthesis unit constitutes a significant fraction of the capital costs of the plant. 56 Therefore, the capital cost of the unit dominates the ammonia price, and for this reason, it will be used as a benchmark.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Ammonia product cost breakdown. Cost of production and its constituents were obtained from Pereira et al 56 The costing methodology of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) was used to estimate the cost of production based on the capital costs and operating costs of the plant. A capital charge factor of 18.5% was used to obtain these values.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Gas–Solid Reaction Thermodynamics on the Performance of a Chemical Looping Ammonia Synthesis Process

Pereira

Metcalfe

2022

Energy Fuels

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Novel ammonia catalysts seek to achieve high reaction rates under milder conditions, which translate into lower costs and energy requirements. Alkali and alkaline earth metal hydrides have been shown to possess such favorable kinetics when employed in a chemical looping process. The materials act as nitrogen carriers and form ammonia by alternating between pure nitrogen and hydrogen feeds in a two-stage chemical looping reaction. However, the thermodynamics of the novel reaction route in question are only partially available. Here, a chemical looping process was designed and simulated to evaluate the sensitivity of the energy and economic performance of the processes toward the appropriate gas–solid reaction thermodynamics. Thermodynamic parameters, such as reaction pressure and especially equilibrium ammonia yields, influenced the performance of the system. In comparison to a commercial ammonia synthesis unit with a 28% yield at 150 bar, the chemical looping process requires a yield greater than 38% to achieve similar energy consumptions and a yield greater than 26% to achieve similar costs at a given temperature and 150 bar. Entropies and enthalpies of formation of the following pairs were estimated and compared: LiH/Li 2 NH, MgH 2 /MgNH, CaH 2 /CaNH, SrH 2 /SrNH, and BaH 2 /BaNH. Only the LiH/Li 2 NH pair has satisfied the given criteria, and initial estimates suggest that a 62% yield is obtainable.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Gas–Solid Reaction Thermodynamics on the Performance of a Chemical Looping Ammonia Synthesis Process

Pereira

Metcalfe

2022

Energy Fuels

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“…Moreover, the operating conditions are very close to industrial applications since simulated air is used (diluted with He as a tracer) and initial bed temperatures are 500–600 °C, as expected after the reforming stage. 42 The gas breakthrough curves were used for validation in all the examined cases to determine the solid conversion achieved (reaction front). Both models present a very good match to the experimental results (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mono-dimensional and two-dimensional models for chemical looping reforming with packed bed reactors and validation under real process conditions

Argyris

Leeuwe

Abbas

et al. 2022

Sustainable Energy Fuels

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“…This process configuration returned 11% lower ammonia costs than the conventional benchmark process without CO2 capture. Pressurized chemical looping process in packed bed reactors was also used for ammonia production by Pereira et al [153]. A three packed-beds (each for oxidation, reduction and reforming) were operated at pressure above 30 bar.…”

Section: Chemical Looping Reformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of pressurized chemical looping processes for power generation and chemical production with integrated CO2 capture

Osman

Khan

Zaabout

et al. 2021

Fuel Processing Technology

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Chemical looping has great potential for reducing the energy penalty and associated costs of CO2 capture from fossil fuel-based power and chemical production while maintaining high efficiency. However, pressurized operation is a prerequisite for maximizing energy efficiency in most proposed chemical looping configurations, introducing significant complexities related to system design, operation and scale-up. Understanding the effects of pressurization on chemical looping systems is therefore important for realizing the expected cost reduction of CO2 capture and speed up the industrial deployment of this promising class of technologies.This paper reviews studies that investigated three key aspects associated with pressurized operation of chemical looping processes. First, the effect of pressure on the kinetics of the various reactions involved in these processes was discussed. Second, the different reactor configurations proposed for chemical looping were discussed in detail, focusing on their suitability for pressurized operation and highlighting potential technical challenges that may hinder successful operation and scale-up. Third, techno-economic assessment studies for these systems were reviewed, identifying the process configuration and integration options that maximize the energy efficiency and minimize the costs of CO2 avoidance.Prominent conclusions from the review include the following. First, the frequently reported negative effect of pressure on reaction kinetics appears to be overstated, implying that pressurization is an effective way to intensify chemical looping processes. Second, no clear winner could be identified from the six pressurized chemical looping reactor configurations

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A comparative study on clean ammonia production using chemical looping based technology

Cited by 45 publications

References 42 publications

Impact of Gas–Solid Reaction Thermodynamics on the Performance of a Chemical Looping Ammonia Synthesis Process

Impact of Gas–Solid Reaction Thermodynamics on the Performance of a Chemical Looping Ammonia Synthesis Process

Mono-dimensional and two-dimensional models for chemical looping reforming with packed bed reactors and validation under real process conditions

Review of pressurized chemical looping processes for power generation and chemical production with integrated CO2 capture

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