A Comparative Study on Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Four Amazonian Ecuador Essential Oils: Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, (Poaceae), Ocimum campechianum Mill. (Lamiaceae), and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) and their vapour phase of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae), Ocimum campechianum (Lamiaceae), and Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) of cultivated plants grown in an Amazonian Ecuador area were chemically characterised by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Head Space–Gas Chromatograph-Flame Ionization Detector–Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-FID-MS).figure The EOs analyses led to the identification of 25 compounds for C. longa (99.46% of the total; ar-turmerone: 23.35%), 18 compounds for C. citratus (99.59% of the total; geraniol: 39.43%), 19 compounds for O. campechianum (96.24% of the total; eugenol: 50.97%), and 28 for Z. officinale (98.04% of the total; α-Zingiberene: 15.45%). The Head Space fractions (HS) revealed C. longa mainly characterised by limonene and 1,8-cineole (37.35%) and α-phellandrene (32.33%); Z. officinale and C. citratus showed camphene (50.39%) and cis-Isocitral (15.27%) as the most abundant compounds, respectively. O. campechianum EO revealed a higher amount of sesquiterpenes (10.08%), mainly characterised by E-caryophyllene (4.95%), but monoterpene fraction remained the most abundant (89.94%). The EOs were tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mutagen-protective properties and compared to the Thymus vulgaris EO as a positive reference. O. campechianum EO was the most effective in all the bioactivities checked. Similar results emerged from assaying the bioactivity of the vapour phase of O. campechianum EO. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity evaluation of O. campechianum EO were repeated through HP-TLC bioautography assay, pointing out eugenol as the lead compound for bioactivity. The mutagen-protective evaluation checked through Ames’s test properly modified evidenced a better capacity of O. campechianum EO compared with the other EOs, reducing the induced mutagenicity at 0.1 mg/plate. However, even with differences in efficacy, the overall results suggest important perspectives for the functional use of the four studied EOs.

Gc-ms analysis of leaf and rhizome essential oil of zingiber purpureum roxb. From bangladesh

“…In contrast, only 3 chemical constituents (triquinacene, 1,4, bis (methoxy) (26.47 and 3.79%), phellandrene (3.49 and 1.04%), and -sesquiphellandrene (2.45 and 1.21%), respectively) are common in both rhizome and leaf EOs. Furthermore, the chemical constituents of both EOs were found to be responsible for their several activities, including natural food preservative, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and others (Guerrini et al 2023, Tandirogang et al 2022. The study reveals that the chemical composition of both oils differs from the earlier reports and may therefore be treated as different chemotypes (Mahfud et al 2017).…”

Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of Zingiber and Alpinia species: a review

“…Catechol, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid were among the phenolic and flavonoid constituents found in ginger peel extract examined by HPLC (Shalaby et al, 2023). According to GC and GC-MS analyses, the essential oil of ginger contained α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, α-terpineol, β-elemene, α-zingiberene, α-(E,E)-farnesene, δ-cadinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, β-eudesmol, camphene, methyl-5-hepten-2-one, myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, terpinolene, linalool, borneol, neral, geraniol, bornyl acetate, thymol, germacrene D, ar-curcumene, trans-muurola-4(14)5-diene, germacrene B, trans-nerolidol, ar-turmerone, α-turmerone, and β-turmerone ( Guerrini et al, 2023 ).…”

Ethnobotanical Survey on Awareness of Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Biharamulo District: Tanzania

“…verum contains aroma benzylisoquinoline, benzyl benzoate, terpenoids, cinnamaldehyde, linalool, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, transcinnamyl, proanthocyanidins and camphor, which elicits antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-ulcers properties [13,114]. Cymbopogon citratus was investigated and found to possess a scent citral, limonene, quercetin, kaempferol and geraniol, which are utilized as ant carcinogenic and had ability to kill bacteria [31,115]. Back to Ipomoea cairica, it has anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertension, ant jaundice, ant HIV transcriptase and antimicrobial activities was elevated by its coumarin derivatives, lignans, cairicoside, scopoletin, glycoresins, arctigenin, convolvine, cyanogenic glycoside, matairesinol, trachelogenin, caempferol and indole alkaloid [38,116,117] Ursolic acid, butulic acid, jacaranone, gallic, quercetin, betulinic acid, maslinic acid, caempferol, iridoids, quinones, phenylpropanoids, phytol, piperidinone, N-[4bromo-n-butyl], hexadecanol, caryophyllene, caffeic acids and coniferol were reported by Kaur et al [118], Naz et al [40] and Mostafa et al [119], to be found in Jacaranda mimosifolia and are accountable for the antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic and antitumor.…”