A Comparative Study of Total Tannin Contents and Antimicrobial Activities in Methanol Extracts of Rhizophoraceae Species

Abstract

Rhizophoraceae is a large true mangrove family that produces mangrove tannins. Tannins have the potential to be used as antimutagenic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agents in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. The aim of the research was to determine the total tannin content, antimicrobial activity, and the correlation between the two in methanol extracts of four plant parts (roots, bark, leaves, and fruit/hypocotyl) from five Rhizophoraceae species, namely Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora mucronata originating from the Langsa mangrove forest, Aceh, Indonesia. Folin Ciocalteu colorimetric method and tannic acid as a standard were used for the total tannin content (TTC) test. The disc diffusion method was used to conduct antimicrobial tests against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans bacteria at a 50% extract concentration. TTC content in Rhizophoraceae ranged from 8.17 ± 1.36 mg TAE/g to 813.35 ± 18.72 mg TAE/g (p < 0.05). The highest levels were found in C. decandra roots (813.35 ±18.72 mg TAE/g), C. decandra bark (704.36 ± 12.11 mg TAE/g), and R. apiculata bark (651.23 ± 2.36 mg TAE/g). The extract has moderate to strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, with an inhibition zone range of 6.64 ± 0.80 mm -15.02 ± 0.32 mm. The highest antibacterial activity was observed in the inhibition zones for S. aureus bacteria, with C. decandra fruit extract (15.02 ± 0.32 mm), R. apiculata bark (14.78 ± 0.90 mm), and C. decandra leaves (14.44 ± 1.18 mm) exhibiting the highest levels. TTC and antibacterial activity of S. aureus in Rhizophoraceae extracts showed a moderate correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.566, p < 0.05). According to the results, it was concluded that Rhizophoraceae has the potential to produce optimal tannins that can be used as antibacterial agents against S. aureus.

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity screenings of ethyl acetate extract from Annona muricata leaves and its fractions

“…As suggested by a previous study, qualitative screening is useful in the exploration of bioactive extracts. [ 5 20 ] For example, tannins might act as antioxidants (both primary and secondary) and antimicrobial agents. [ 5 20 21 ] Further, we found that the ethyl acetate extract had total phenolic content (TPC) as well as total flavonoid content (TFC) of 241.3 mg GAE/g dry extract and 51.08 mg QE/g dry extract, respectively.…”

“…[ 5 20 ] For example, tannins might act as antioxidants (both primary and secondary) and antimicrobial agents. [ 5 20 21 ] Further, we found that the ethyl acetate extract had total phenolic content (TPC) as well as total flavonoid content (TFC) of 241.3 mg GAE/g dry extract and 51.08 mg QE/g dry extract, respectively. As comparisons, the values indicating the TPC and TFC of the leaf extract of A. muricata in this present study are relatively higher, or at least similar, with those reported previously such as ethyl acetate extracts from Phyllanthus emblica stem barks, Limonia acidissima fruits, as well as Annona squamosa stem barks.…”

From Leaf to Lip: Tracing Contaminants in Aceh's Traditional Chewing Tobacco (Bakông Asóê)

“…Indonesia is globally recognized for its vast tropical forests and biodiversity [1][2][3], including tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) [4]. In 2019, Indonesia had a total national tobacco production of 197.40 thousand tons, making it one of the most widely cultivated crops in the country.…”

Theoretical Evaluation of Michelia Species’ Bioactive Compounds and Theraupetic Potential: A Literature Review

“…Indonesia is a country rich in various types of plants, both from low to high levels [1,2]. Plant diversity has so many benefits for human life, one of which is as a traditional medicine [3,4]. Plants that are used as medicines get great attention in addition to providing beneficial physiological and pharmacological effects as well as to avoid the use of synthetic drugs that tend to have more side effects.…”