A comparative study of three-dimensional printing directions: The degradation and toxicological profile of a PLA/PHA blend

Ausejo, Jennifer Gonzalez; Rydz, Joanna; Musioł, Marta; Sikorska, Wanda; Sobota, Michał; Włodarczyk, Jakub; Adamus, Grażyna; Janeczek, Henryk; Kwiecień, Iwona; Hercog, Anna; Johnston, Brian; Khan, H. R.; Kannappan, Vinodh; Jones, Keith R.; Morris, Mark R.; Jiang, Guozhan; Radecka, Iza; Kowalczuk, Marek

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.024

Cited by 89 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Increasing the PHA content to 20% or eliminating PHA fully from the blend dramatically reduces the ductility of the blend . On the other hand, previous mechanical testing on PLA/PHA specimens with similar printing parameters and a nozzle temperature of 200 °C resulted in elongation‐at‐break values around 3%, much lower than our findings and the findings discussed above . We attribute this discrepancy to the uncertainty in the printing temperature measurements.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 95%

“…In this equation, ϕ is the weight fraction and T g for the respective polymers and the blend. Using a weight fraction of 12% PHA, Fox equation predicts a T g value of 33 °C. As the measured T g of PLA/PHA is closer to that of pure PLA than the calculated value by eq.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pure PHA has a much lower strength than pure PLA, therefore, the lower strength of the blend is an expected result. Ausejo et al . investigated the strength of 3D‐printed PLA/PHA specimens and measured a considerably lower strength around 30 MPa.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An Ultimaker 2+ desktop 3D printer (the Netherlands) based on FDM technique printed the dog‐bone shaped specimens. PLA/PHA filament, which is the input material to the printer was purchased from Colorfabb (the Netherlands), composed of 88 wt % PLA and 12 wt % PHA . While the production details of the filament are not available, these types of blended filaments are usually produced by melt‐mixing followed by an extrusion process .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the ductility of polylactic acid parts produced by fused deposition modeling through polyhydroxyalkanoate additions

Kaygusuz

Özerinç

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most commonly used materials for fused deposition modeling (FDM) due to its low cost, biocompatibility, and desirable printing characteristics. However, its low ductility is a major disadvantage for engineering applications where high damage tolerance is needed. This study investigates the feasibility of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) additions to PLA for improving the ductility of parts produced by FDM. Thermal and mechanical behavior of PLA/PHA specimens containing 12 wt % PHA is investigated for a range of printing nozzle temperatures. All PLA/PHA specimens exhibit amorphous PLA phase with semicrystalline PHA and possess outstanding ductility exceeding 160% for nozzle temperatures in the range of 200 C-240 C. Lower and higher nozzle temperatures result in low ductility, similar to that of pure PLA. Overall, PLA/PHA is a very promising polymer blend for FDM processes, providing a combination of sufficient strength with excellent damage tolerance.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the ductility of polylactic acid parts produced by fused deposition modeling through polyhydroxyalkanoate additions

Kaygusuz

Özerinç

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Subsequent layers may, however, contain structural interruptions or defects that negatively affect the reliability of the 3D printed object [31]. Also, build direction has a significant effect on the structure and morphology and hence on the properties of elements made using 3D printing (see Figure 6) [33].…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy: Topographic and Dynamical Surface Studies of Blends, Composites, and Hybrid Functional Materials for Sustainable Future

Rydz

Šišková

Eckstein

2019

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Microscopic techniques are often used in material science, enabling the assessment of the morphology, composition, physical properties, and dynamic behaviour of materials. The review focuses on the topographic and dynamical surface studies of (bio)degradable polymers, in particular aliphatic polyesters, the most promising ones. The (bio)degradation process promotes physical and chemical changes in material properties that can be characterised by microscopic techniques. These changes occurring both under controlled conditions as well as in the processing stage or during use indicate morphological and structural transformations resulting from the deterioration of the material and have a significant impact on the characteristic of materials used in many applications, for example, for use as packaging.

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Polylactic acid and high‐density polyethylene blend: Characterization and application in additive manufacturing

Harris

Potgieter

Ray

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This research reports a novel polylactic acid (PLA) blend with high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene graft maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAH) to mitigate the PLA degradation issues associated with high temperatures, soil and water exposure. The blend was prepared with a melt blending process and directly printed with a custom‐built pellet printer to maintain the “as prepared” properties. Thermal stability was analyzed in terms of mechanical strength at different bed temperatures and postprinting aging for 10 days. Soil burial degradation and water absorption were investigated in terms of mechanical strength and effects on mass at three intervals (15, 30, 45 days). The proposed blend revealed high stability to all three degradation mechanisms due to the chemical grafting along with physical interlocking. Finally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm the enhancement in molecular interactions, melt crystallization, onset temperatures and phase distribution, respectively.

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A comparative study of three-dimensional printing directions: The degradation and toxicological profile of a PLA/PHA blend

Cited by 89 publications

References 45 publications

Improving the ductility of polylactic acid parts produced by fused deposition modeling through polyhydroxyalkanoate additions

Improving the ductility of polylactic acid parts produced by fused deposition modeling through polyhydroxyalkanoate additions

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy: Topographic and Dynamical Surface Studies of Blends, Composites, and Hybrid Functional Materials for Sustainable Future

Polylactic acid and high‐density polyethylene blend: Characterization and application in additive manufacturing

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