A comparative study of the breathing pattern and amount of nasopharynx obstruction by the pharyngeal tonsil in hiv infected and non infected children

Abstract

The pattern that most occurred in both groups was the mixed type. Most of the children presented oral or mixed type breathing and there was no association between the type of breathing and HIV presence (p=0.091). Nasal flow was mainly medium in both groups. Children without prior history of HIV infection had medium to large nasal flow and most of the HIV-infected children had medium nasal airflow. There was a positive association between nasal flow and HIV infection (p<0.0001). The average percentage of nasopharynx obstruction by the pharyngeal tonsil was high in both groups, and there was no statistically significance difference between them. Children from both groups had a moderate or large size of pharyngeal tonsil, and there was no association between tonsil size and HIV (p=0.21).

Craniofacial changes and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in healthy children

“…The mirror test 18 , 19 , 20 helped to detect the presence of upper airway obstruction and the predominant breathing pattern (whether nose-breather or mouth breather). However, the water retention tests were important in determining the differential diagnosis between obstructive mouth breathing and an acquired habit of mouth breathing after temporary obstruction.…”

Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children

“… 1 - 4 The most common cause of MB is the presence of obstacles in the nasopharyngeal region,which increases nasal resistance that can be induced by various mechanical factors, including tonsil hyperplasia, hypertrophied turbinates, rhinitis, tumors, infectious or inflammatory diseases, and changes in nasal architecture. 2 , 5 However, even after these mechanical factors are removed, MB continues in most cases due to patient's mouth breathing habit. 4 , 6 Unbalanced facial musculature occurs as a result of MB, which causes changes in tooth positioning, lips, tongue, palate, and jaws, so as to counterbalance the new breathing pattern.…”

Craniofacial morphology of HIV-positive children and adolescents undergoing antiretroviral therapy: A pilot study

“…41 Researchers who have evaluated the frequency of respiratory changes in HIV1 children have found that they were more likely to have respiratory difficulties. 42 Zastrow et al 43 reported no difference in the type of respiration (nose or mouth) between HIV1 and normoreactive children, but found a lower nasal flow rate in children seropositive for HIV.…”

“…The HIV infection itself, associated or not with states of immune activation and inflammatory processes, may change osteoclastogenesis by increasing the rate of apoptosis of primary osteoblasts, reducing calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity, diminishing specific bone proteins and compromising the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts. 43 Moreover, the long-term use of HAART may be responsible for systemic alterations that affect the growth of these children. 5,7,12,13 On the other hand, HAART emerged as a solution to the deleterious effects caused by the virus by diminishing the circulating viral load.…”