A comparative study of the cathodic behaviour of EuCl3 in two imidazolium chloride ionic liquids, the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (C4mimCl) and the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (C2mimCl), on a glassy carbon electrode

Abstract

A B S T R A C TThis work presents a comparative study of the electrochemical behaviour, on a glassy carbon electrode, of dissolved EuCl 3 in two chlorobasic ionic liquids, the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, C 2 mimCl, and the 1-buthyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, C 4 mimCl, over the temperature ranges 363-398 K and 343-363 K respectively. In both media, the electro-reduction of EuCl 6 3 − takes place via only one electrochemical step . The electrochemical system EuCl 6 4 − /Eu(0) has not been observed within the electrochemical window of both ILs, due to the prior reduction of the respective imidazolium cation from the solvents, which inhibits the electro-extraction of Eu (0) from the media on the GC electrode. The paper describes how several electrochemical techniques (e.g. cyclic voltammetry (CV), convolutive potential sweep voltammetry (CPSV), steady state voltammetry (SSV), chronopotentiometry (CP) and chronoamperometry (CA)) have been used experimentally: i) verifying assumptions used in their theoretical analysis, and ii) ensuring reproducible conditions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, with the aim to obtain highprecision measurements of the diffusion coefficient of EuCl 6 3 − . In order to know if there are discrepancies between the obtained data, a two-way analysis of variance, ANOVA, has been carried out. The analysis has shown that with a 95% confidence level there are no significant differences between the diffusion coefficients obtained by the different techniques. On the other hand, the diffusion coefficient of EuCl 6 3 − increases with the temperature following the Arrhenius law, being the activation energy for diffusion 40.4 ± 2.6 and 60.2 ± 1.8 kJ mol − 1 in C 2 mimCl and C 4 mimCl respectively. The dimensionless Schmidt numbers, defined as the ratio between solvent viscosity and solute diffusivity (Sc = ν/D), have also been calculated to characterise the solute global mass transport through its environment. On the GC electrode, the electro-reduction of EuCl 6 3 − to EuCl 6 4 − is a quasi-reversible process. Accurate values of the kinetic parameters (i.e. the intrinsic rate constant of charge transfer, k 0 , and the charge transfer coefficient, α), as well as the reversible half wave potential, E r 1/2 , have been obtained for the first time in the mentioned ionic liquids, by simulation of the cyclic voltammograms and logarithmic analysis of the voltammograms and convoluted curves.

Electrodeposition of indium on W and Cu electrodes in the deep eutectic solvent choline chloride-ethylene glycol (1:2)

“…Chronoamperometry (CA), chronopotentiometry (CP) and convolutive potential sweep voltammetry (CPSV) seem to be relevant techniques for the determination of the diffusion coefficient of InCl p 3-p , D In(III) , in the deep eutectic solvent ChCl-EG (1:2), on condition that the adequate equations in the appropriate experimental conditions are used. The aim of the work is to identify if the three methods yield identical results or one among them is more appropriate than the others considering: i) the accuracy of the measurements, and ii) the simplicity of data acquisition [22].…”