A comparative study of the exocrine products of cleptoparasitic bees (Holcopasites) and their hosts (Calliopsis) (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae, Andrenidae)

Abstract

The cephalic secretion of females of the cleptoparasitic beeHolcopasites calliopsidis contains two main volatiles, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and geranyl acetone. The mandibular gland secretion of its host,Calliopsis andreniformis, on the other hand, contains the two isomeric forms of citral (neral and geranial). Neral and geranial are also produced by mandibular glands of two other species ofCalliopsis and one species in the related genusNomadopsis. The Dufour's gland ofC. andreniformis contains an oily secretion composed of hydrocarbons that are deposited on the brood cell walls and pollen balls providing a waterproof lining for both.

Comparative Notes on the Biology and Development of Epeolus compactus Cresson, a Cleptoparasite of Colletes kincaidii Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae, Colletidae)

“…Chemical anal\~es of this secretion would determine whether this ~,aJerial is similar or identical to chemical compnnents found in the polyester cell linings of Colletes cells. These results could then be used to supp,rt the hypothesis of chemical coevolution in the .\poidea (Tengo & Bergstrom 1976, 1977Hefetz et al 1982;Cane 1983).…”

Function of the Dufour’s gland in solitary and social Hymenoptera

“…Branch lengths do not have any significance. References: 1 Rosi et al (2001), 2 Mehrnejad and Copland (2007), 3 Vardal (2006), 4 Guillot et al (1974), 5 Vinson and Guillot (1972), 6 Lawrence and Akin (1990), 7 Vinson (1978), 8 de Freitas et al (2004, 9 Marris et al (1996), 10 Huang et al (2008), 11 Cane (1981), 12 Duffield et al (1983), 13 Hefetz (1987), 14 Ayasse et al (1990b), 15 Hefetz et al (1979), 16 Albans et al (1980), 17 Cane (1981), 18 Guedot et al (2006), 19 Cane (1981), 20 Brooks and Cane (1984), 21 Ayasse et al (1990a), 22 Smith et al (1985), 23 Barrows (1975a), 24 Barrows et al (1975b), 25 Ayasse et al (1993), 26 , 27 Hefetz (1987), 28 Smith and Wenzel (1988), 29 Cane and Carlson (1984), 30 Duffield et al (1984), 31 Norden et al (1980), 32 Hefetz et al (1982), 33 Shimron et al (1985), 34 Frankie and Vinson (1977), 35 Vinson et al (1978), 36 Katzav-Gozansky et al (2002), 37 Sole et al (2002), 38 Oldroyd et al (2002), 39 Katzav-Gozansky et al (2007), 40 Malka et al (2008), 41 Tengö et al (1991), 42 …”

“…Dufour's gland secretions have been found to be involved in forming a protective lining of the brood cells in various ground dwelling bees in Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, and some Apidae (Anthophorini and Eucerini), and sometimes they also form a hydrophobic lining for their pollen balls (Hefetz et al 1979, Albans et al 1980, Cane 1981, Duffield et al 1981, 1983, Cane and Carlson 1984, Hefetz et al 1982, Hefetz 1987. Ground dwelling bees face the challenge of keeping their larval food free from microbial growth, desiccation, and soaking by water.…”

Chemical composition of the dufour gland secretion in queens of Melipona bicolor (Hymenoptera, Meliponini)

“…1 A range of substances, from macrolactones and terpenoid esters to hydrocarbons and triglycerides, has been found in the Dufour gland secretion of bees. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In solitary bees, which build underground nests, the Dufour gland produces hydrophobic substances used to line the nest 9 and to protect eggs against extreme fluctuations in humidity and against microorganisms. 14 This lining also maintains a stable environment during the several phases of development of the immature bee.…”