A Comparative Study of the Extraction and Characterisation of Oils from Glycine max L. (Soya Bean Seed), Elaeis guineensis (Palm Kernel Seed) and Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Using Ethanol and n-Hexane

Abstract

Aims: To extract and characterize oils from Glycine max L. (soya bean seed), Elaeis guineensis (palm kernel seed) and Cocos nucifera (coconut) using ethanol and n-Hexane.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Industrial Chemistry, Renaissance University, Ugbawka, between December 2017 and July 2018.
 Methodology: Using Soxhlet extraction method, the milled seed samples (soya bean, coconut and palm kernel) were bagged and extracted with accurately measured quantity of each solvent (n-Hexane and Ethanol). Physicochemical analysis which includes: Acid values, iodine value, free fatty acid (% oleic) and saponification value was carried out on the extracted oil.
 Results: The percentage oil yield from ethanol extracts were 8.58% (8.58 g), 26.01% (26.01 g) and 31.21% (31.21 g) for soya bean, coconut and palm kernel respectively while that of n-Hexane extracts were 14.69% (14.69 g), 31.85% (31.85 g) and 45.28% (45.28 g), due to the fact that 100 g of the milled sample was used. Free fatty acid values were the same in n-Hexane and ethanol extracts of soya bean oil. These values were slightly higher in the coconut and palm kernel oil extracts using ethanol. Acid values were observed to be slightly higher in the ethanol extracted oils. The Saponification values were generally higher in ethanol extracted oils than in hexane extracted oils. There was maximum oil recovered with hexane than ethanol when the extraction process was carried out for 120 minutes.
 Conclusion: In spite of the fact that n-Hexane gave a better extraction yield, ethanol appeared to be a better alternative for the extraction process because it is green, less toxic and safer to handle.

Extraction and Characterization of Vegetable Oil from 20 Accessions of Allanblackia parviflora Seeds in Ghana

“…The lower the acid value of oil, the fewer free fatty acids it contains which makes it less exposed to rancidity. The acid values obtained for the oils are similar to that reported by Sefah et al (et al, 2010) and were lower than AV reported for African locust seed oil, Castor seed oil, soybean, coconut and palm kernel -'- (Chioma et al, 2020;Olowokere et al, 2019;Salimon et al, 2010).…”

“…The SV of all the crude oil extracts was found to be in a range of 185-200 mg KOH/g. The value of the Allanblackia seed oils agrees with SV of African locust seed oil, castor seed oil, soybean, coconut and palm kernel -'- (Chioma et al, 2020;Olowokere et al, 2019;Salimon et al, 2010). acid, iodine and saponification values.…”

Technologies for extraction of oil from oilseeds and other plant sources in retrospect and prospects: A review

“…Osman, Shigidi, and Elkhaleefa (2016) demonstrated that n-hexane (37.03%) produced higher extraction yields as compared to acetone (4.37%) and chloroform (6.73%) from sesame seeds Bhatnagar and Krishna (2013). investigated the impact of ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, and hexane as extraction solvents on niger seed oil and bioactives and reported chloroform and acetone to be the best solvents based on the oil yields Chioma et al (2020). carried out the phytochemical analysis on oils extracted from soybean seed, palm kernel seed, and coconut using ethanol and hexane as solvents and reported that that free fatty acid values were at par in both the solvent extracts of soybean oil, but slightly higher in ethanol extracts of the palm and coconut kernel oils.Acid values and saponification values were observed to be higher in the ethanol extracted oils.…”