A Comparative Study of the Cell Wall Structure of Basidiomycetous and Related Yeasts

Rij, N.J.W. Kreger-van; Veenhuis, Marten

doi:10.1099/00221287-68-1-87

Cited by 157 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In pigmented C. neoformans cells, we found multi-lamellar melanin in the cell wall in mature and recently budded cells, which is in concordance with earlier reports (6,12,14,20). In particular, TEM has previously shown C. neoformans melanin is composed of 2-5 layers arranged in concentric manner (8).…”

Section: Melanin Synthesis and Localization Insupporting

confidence: 92%

Differences in the cell wall architecture of melanin lacking and melanin producing Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from India: an electron microscopic study

Mandal

Roy

Das

et al. 2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening infection of the central nervous system. A major virulence factor for C. neoformans is the production of melanin in the cell wall. Using transmission electron microscopy, we studied the cell walls of three pairs of isolates obtained from patients with dual cryptococcal infections, where a melanotic and an albino strain were isolated from the CSF of each patient. Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed that the albino strains lacked a melanin layer whereas a melanin layer was associated with the cell wall of the melanotic strains, comprising approximately 75% of the cell wall area. The cell wall size of the melanin producing cells was approximately double the size the albino isolates' cell walls (p value ≤ 0.003). In this study TEM revealed that the differences in the ultrastructure of the melanin lacking and melanin producing isolates were associated to the cell wall and the melanin layer.

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Section: Melanin Synthesis and Localization Insupporting

confidence: 92%

Differences in the cell wall architecture of melanin lacking and melanin producing Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from India: an electron microscopic study

Mandal

Roy

Das

et al. 2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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“…Considerable evidence has now accumulated that the ultrastructural nature and chemical na-ture of the cell wall are also determinative (11,21). However, procedures used to study these characteristics require technology not practical in routine identifications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the use of the DBB test is not widespread. This report describes an improved DBB test to detect basidiomycetous relationships of yeasts and yeastlike organisms and correlates the results of the DBB test with extracellular enzyme production.(DBB) (2,3,6,8,9,11,14,17,(20)(21)(22) 26; C. E. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ascomycetous yeasts have two-layered cell walls that are attacked by (1,3)-P-glucanases to release protoplasts, have deoxyribonucleic acid guanineplus-cytosine contents of about 30 to 60%, frequently are fermentative, usually lack extracellular urease and deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and have respiratory enzymes of coenzyme Q types 6 through 9 (2,3,11,14,20,25). Basidiomycetous yeasts have laminar cell walls that resist (1,3)-P-glucanase activity, have deoxyribonucleic acid guanine-plus-cytosine contents of about 50 to 7056, with rare exception are strictly oxidative, generally have extracellular urease and DNase, have respiratory enzymes of coenzyme Q types 7 through 10, and give a red to violet color reaction with diazonium blue B Sonck and E. Tunnela, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rapid Diazonium Blue B Test to Detect Basidiomycetous Yeasts

Hagler

Ahearn

1981

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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More than 100 known eucaryotic microorganisms were examined for capacity to form red to violet pigments with diazonium blue B after alkaline hydrolysis and an ethanol wash. All 50 basidiomycetes gave rapid and unequivocal positive reactions when 1-to 6-day-old cultures were tested, whereas all ascomycetes and algae gave negative reactions. Extracellular enzymes generally considered to be typical of basidiomycetous yeasts were detected in several ascomycetous taxa.A variety of physiological and morphological characteristics distinguish the anamorphs of ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. Ascomycetous yeasts have two-layered cell walls that are attacked by (1,3)-P-glucanases to release protoplasts, have deoxyribonucleic acid guanineplus-cytosine contents of about 30 to 60%, frequently are fermentative, usually lack extracellular urease and deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and have respiratory enzymes of coenzyme Q types 6 through 9 (2,3,11,14,20,25). Basidiomycetous yeasts have laminar cell walls that resist (1,3)-P-glucanase activity, have deoxyribonucleic acid guanine-plus-cytosine contents of about 50 to 7056, with rare exception are strictly oxidative, generally have extracellular urease and DNase, have respiratory enzymes of coenzyme Q types 7 through 10, and give a red to violet color reaction with diazonium blue B Sonck and E. Tunnela, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 35(Suppl.) :E27, 1969). Except for the cell wall properties, these characteristics overlap among the species of these two groups.The DBB reaction appears to be the most practical test for establishing basidiomycetous relationships in laboratories, but unfortunately the DBB test has not been standardized. A variety of different media and incubation times of several weeks have been employed, with some species giving questionable results. Therefore, the use of the DBB test is not widespread. This report describes an improved DBB test to detect basidiomycetous relationships of yeasts and yeastlike organisms and correlates the results of the DBB test with extracellular enzyme production.(DBB) (2,3,6,8,9,11,14,17,(20)(21)(22) 26; C. E. MATERIALS AND METHODSOrganisms. All strains used in this study were authenticated cultures obtained from the freeze-dried culture collection at Georgia State University or from other laboratories specializing in the taxonomy of yeasts (Table 1). Routinely, cultures were maintained by monthly transfers on Sabouraud dextrose agar; the cultures were incubated for 3 days at 25°C and were then stored at 4OC. DBB reagent. The DBB reagent was prepared by adding 15 ml of cold 0.25 M tridhydroxymethy1)aminomethane buffer (pH 7.0) to 15 mg of DBB (o-dianisidine, tetrazotized; practical grade; 20% pure; Sigma Chemical Co.). DBB is unstable in warm and moist conditions, but 15-mg portions of the dye can be stored in well-sealed test tubes at 4OC for several weeks. The dissolved reagent was maintained in an ice bath and was used either before it turned dark yellow or within about 30 min.Alkali-ethanol-DBB test. Culture...

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“…35 accept here in a broad sense the definition of the genus Ballistosporomyces in conidium ontogeny. Regarding the stalk ontogeny, on the other hand, enteroblastic stalks were produced in Sterigmatomyces halophilus (21). In Ballistosporomyces species, both holoblastic and enteroblastic stalks were observed under scanning electron microscope.…”

Section: Morphological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistosporomyces, a new ballistospore-forming anamorphic yeast genus.

Nakase

Okada

Sugiyama

et al. 1989

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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A new genus Ballistosporomyces Nakase, Okada et Sugiyama in the Hyphomycetes is described for yeasts that reproduce by both nonballistosporous conidia and ballistospores, but not by budding yeast cells. Non-ballistosporous conidia are produced on a sterigma-like stalk which proliferates sympodially or percurrently. Strains in this genus have Q-10 as the major isoprenologue of ubiquinone, do not contain xylose in the cells, and show positive Diazonium blue B reaction. Two new species, Ballistosporomyces xanthus (type species) and B. ruher, are described in the genus. Ballistosporomyces xanthus has a G + C content of DNA of 62.1 mol% and forms yellow colonies, whereas B, ruher has a G + C content of DNA of 50.8 mol% and forms red colonies. Some properties of the new genus indicate a Ustilaginale affinity. Ontogenetic and chemotaxonomic comparisons are made between Ballistosporomyces and other supposedly related basidiomycetous yeast genera.In 1987, Nakase (26) reported the isolation of two strains of yeasts which produce both ballistospores and "sterigmatoconidia" (conidia developed on sterigmata, not forcibly discharged, and often observed in strains of Sterigmatomyces and Fellomyces), but not budding cells. These two yeasts represent two distinct species but they cannot be placed in any known genera. Therefore, a new anamorphic yeast genus, Ballistosporomyces Nakase, Okada et Sugiyama, in the Hyphomycetes, is proposed for these yeasts. Two new species, Ballistosporomyces xanthus Nakase, Okada et Sugiyama (type species) and B, ruher Nakase, Okada et Sugiyama are described in the genus.

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A Comparative Study of the Cell Wall Structure of Basidiomycetous and Related Yeasts

Cited by 157 publications

References 12 publications

Differences in the cell wall architecture of melanin lacking and melanin producing Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from India: an electron microscopic study

Differences in the cell wall architecture of melanin lacking and melanin producing Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from India: an electron microscopic study

Rapid Diazonium Blue B Test to Detect Basidiomycetous Yeasts

Ballistosporomyces, a new ballistospore-forming anamorphic yeast genus.

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