“…Overall, gloss appears to promote better vocabulary gain, especially on form recognition, regardless of the participants' language proficiency. It is consistent with findings from past studies (e.g., Danesh & Farvardin, 2016;Duan, 2018;Jung, 2016;Ko, 2012;Watanabe, 1997), which showed that glossing has a positive impact on L2 vocabulary learning. Surprisingly, target words in the contextual clue and no clue conditions were retained better in the meaning recall, even though they were less recognised compared to target words in the gloss condition.…”