A Comparative Study of Thai and Australian Crocodile Bone for Use as a Potential Biomaterial

Abstract

This study aims to characterize the structure and properties of crocodile bone to assess the potential for use in biomedical applications. Crocodile bone samples obtained from Thailand (Crocodylus siamensis) and Australia (Crocodylus porosus), being the tail and the tibia respectively, were treated to remove organic material and the inner spongy (trabecular) material. The dense cortical bone was used for comparative instrumental analyses. Specific comparisons were made against bovine cortical bone and pure synthetic hydroxyapatite. The material was then analyzed using simultaneous differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA), Fourier- Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Imaging of full bone samples was also conducted using an environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The SEM provided valuable information through the imaging of samples, showing a markedincrease in bone porosity for crocodile material when compared to bovine samples. The crystallinity and/or crystallite size of carbonated hydroxyapatite has been found to be lower than synthetic apatite, with the tibia being the least crystalline of the bone types studied. The crystallinity index (CI) is used as a measure of crystallite size and internal strain. The strain is affected by substitutions in the structure and these results provide a starting point for comparison of the resulting mechanical properties. There is a need for any biomaterial chosen for bone replacement to allow adequate osteointegration. Thus the study this far shows that crocodile bone is a very promising source of carbonated apatite for biomedical applications.

A New Method for Fabrication of Nanohydroxyapatite and TCP from the Sea Snail Cerithium vulgatum

“…Calcination is another method to fabricate HA from different natural sources, like bone (i.e., human [5], bovine [6], sheep [7], turkey, and chicken) or tooth dentine [8] and enamel [9][10][11]. In previous work, there are also papers reporting some very interesting sources for HA production, such as crocodile bone [12], dear antler [13], and fish wastes. Hydrothermal methods are very popular to transform various sources with a sea origin, such as cuttlefish bone [14], some oysters [15], and corals [16].…”

Nano-Bioceramic Production via Mechano-Chemical Conversion (Ultrasonication)

“…HA bioceramics can be prepared synthetically from reagent grade pure chemicals or with a calcination method from various bones and tooth structures (i.e. human bone [2], bovine bone [3], sheep bone [4], fish bone [5], chicken bone [6], pig bone [7], crocodile bone [8], bovine tooth [9,10], sheep tooth [11], human tooth [12,13]). There are alternative ways to produce natural HA structures from calcitic-aragonitic structures such as corals [14,15] and other sea creatures such as cuttle-fish bone [16], sea urchin [17], various sea shells [18,19] and sea snails [20] with classical hydrothermal conversion, hot-plating and ultrasonication.…”

Nano-Bioceramics Production from Razor Shell

“…precipitation). Natural HA are produced from natural sources with different methods: calcination from various bone sources like bovine [2], human [3], sheep [4], pig [5] and others animal bones even from crocodile bones [6]. Hydrothermal treatment is another classical method to produce HA from various marine sources, predominantly from coral species.…”