“…Evidence from chick and mouse time-lapse imaging has revealed that NC cell chain migration occurs in the cranial, trunk and intestinal subregions of the embryo (Kulesa and Fraser 1998; Young, Anderson et al 2004; Kasemeier-Kulesa, Bradley et al 2006; Druckenbrod and Epstein 2007; Rupp and Kulesa 2007; Nishiyama, Uesaka et al 2012; Zhang, Kim et al 2012). NC cells in nearly every vertebrate model system (chick, mouse, zebrafish, axolotl, turtle, snake) have also been observed to travel in multicellular streams (Reyes et al, 2010; Kulesa and Fraser, 1998; Schilling and Kimmel, 1994; Golding et al, 2000; Epperlein et al, 2007; Gilbert et al, 2007). Interestingly, Xenopus NC cells travel as a cohesive sheet, resembling a spreading epithelial tissue layer (DeSimone et al, 2005; Carmona-Fontaine et al, 2008).…”