“…Total Entrepreneurial Activity by Necessity (TEANEC) is measured as the percentage of all respondents involved in TEA who report undertaking the activity out of necessity due to there being no other work option (Reynolds et al, 2005). This variable has been used to demonstrate its impact on economic growth, as well as its relationship with institutional variables (Acs, 2006;Borozan, Arneric, & Coric, 2017;Hechavarria & Reynolds, 2009;Rosa, Kodithuwakku, & Balunywa, 2008;Urbano, Aparicio, & Querol, 2016).…”