A Comparative Study of Cutting-Edge Bi-Directional Power Converters and Intelligent Control Methodologies for Advanced Electric Mobility

Abstract

Bidirectional converters (BDCs) are important in electric vehicles (EVs). This study investigated different bidirectional power converters and their efficiencies, energy densities, and cost parameters. Control methods such as pulse width modulation (PWM) and hysteresis control are also examined. Comparisons on how well they regulate the output voltage and current in converters are performed. This paper also provides an overview of the types of BDCs used in EVs, including flyback, forward, and push-pull converters. The efficiency, energy density, and cost of each converter are assessed to identify the most appropriate model for EVs. The control methods including the advantages and disadvantages of PWM and hysteresis However, a shift to Continuous Conduction Modulation (CCM) is necessary to increase output power.