A Comparative Study of Cerebral Atherosclerosis in Males and Females

Flora, G C; Baker, A. B.; Loewenson, Ruth B.; Klassen, Arthur C.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.38.5.859

Cited by 66 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Both of them related with sleep disorders [25,26] and stressful impulses on the hypothalamic nuclei [5,[27][28][29][30][31][32]. Figure 1 represents the hippocampus, which is located in the medial temporal lobes and is constituted by dentate gyrus and the cornu Ammon with their CA1 to CA4 subdivisions [2,13,33,34]. The hippocampus receives descending afferents from the anterior nuclear complex of the thalamus, entorhinal cortex (area 28) and the amygdala (through alveus) [29,31], and ascending afferents from the supramammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, the septum (origin of cholinergic axons), raphe nuclei (origin of serotoninergic axons) and locus coeruleus (origin of noradrenergic axons) [22,31,35].…”

Section: Hypothalamus and Its Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 25 and 30 years of age, the cerebral blood flow declines progressivelly to mean value of adults (50 -55 mL/100 g/min) [3,33,38]. Deterioration circulatory coincides with the appearance of atherosclerotic plaques in the supraclinoid carotids [34][35][36]39]. Moreover, these plaques located at the mouths of the superior hypophyseal, infundibular and some perforating arteries are responsible for progressive ischemia in the hypothalamus [3,5,40,41].…”

Section: Hypothalamus and Its Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Therapeutic Methods Against Insulin Resistance

Rafael¹

2016

J Endocrinol Metab

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Clinical, neurosurgical and autopsy findings show that type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by progressive ischemia in the anterior hypothalamus and endocrine pancreas due to atherosclerosis, and associated with insulin resistance. The hypothalamic ischemia provokes neuroendocrinological disorders through descending projections, and the pancreatic ischemia causes an inappropriate insulin secretion. Both ischemic structures can be improved by means of omental implantation (omental transplantation or transposition) or with anti-inflammatory drugs. Likewise, experimental and clinical observations suggest that insulin resistance is caused by inflammatory action of tumor necrosis factor alpha and resistin in the insulin receptor. Because, in contrast to this, high-dose aspirin or resveratrol can reduce hyperglycemia to normal or near normal in diabetic patients. That is, both drugs are almost specific for the treatment of insulin resistance. Finally, the use of clonazepam at night can have a beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis, because it can reduce the effects of stressful stimuli and normalize the sleep disorders or loss.

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Section: Hypothalamus and Its Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothalamus and Its Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Methods Against Insulin Resistance

Rafael¹

2016

J Endocrinol Metab

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“…From the fourth to sixth decades of life, the percentage of women with no cerebral atherosclerosis was higher than men, but at >65 years of age the frequency of atherosclerotic lesions was the same in 2 sexes. 10 Above all, geographic variation and sex difference in the distribution of ICAS have not been fully discussed before. So, we performed this study with the aim to investigate geographic and sex difference in the distribution of ICAS in China.…”

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confidence: 99%

Geographic and Sex Difference in the Distribution of Intracranial Atherosclerosis in China

Liu

Wang

et al. 2013

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-Geographic variation and sex difference in the distribution of intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) have not been fully discussed before in Chinese patients with cerebral ischemia. We performed this study with the aim to investigate geographic and sex difference in the distribution of ICAS in China. Methods-In this prospective multicenter study, we evaluated 2864 consecutive patients who experienced an acute cerebral ischemia within 7 days of symptom onset in 22 hospitals in China. All the inclusive patients underwent 3-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and duplex color Doppler ultrasound or contrast-enhanced MR angiography to document the presence of intracranial or extracranial stenosis. Intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis was defined as ≥50% diameter reduction on MR angiography. Results-The proportion of patients with ICAS was significantly higher in north China than in south China (50.22% versus 41.88%; P<0.0001). Patients in the north were likely to consume more alcohol and smoke more cigarettes and had significantly higher proportion of diabetes mellitus, family history of stroke, history of cerebral ischemia, heart disease, and higher body mass index. In patients aged >63 years, the percentage of ICAS in women was notably higher than in men (51.51% versus 45.40%; P=0.028). In elderly patients, women had higher proportion of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and heart disease than men. Conclusions-There exists geographic and sex difference in the distribution of symptomatic ICAS in China. Public health measures should strengthen improving social determinants of health and risk factor prevention/control in high-risk populations for decreasing stroke risk. (Stroke. 2013;44:2109-2114.)

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“…The location of atherosclerosis depends on many predisposing factors, and the cause of this dependence still remains the subject of research 24) . It is possible that atherosclerosis exhibits selective responses in different vascular beds [25][26][27] . Our data confirmed that atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta seems to be more specific for FH patients even when compared to hypercholesterolemic patients without FH gene mutation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Using Computed Tomography Calcium Scores in Patients with Familial and Nonfamilial Hypercholesterolemia

Gałąska

Kulawiak-Gałąska

Węgrzyn

et al. 2016

JAT

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Aim:The aim of this study was to compare coronary calcium scores and aortic calcium scores between patients with severe hypercholesterolemia having a DNA-based diagnosis of FH (FH group) versus patients with severe hypercholesterolemia without the FH gene mutation (NFH group). Method: A total of 89 FH and 50 NFH patients underwent CT with coronary and thoracic aorta calcium scoring. Their CCS and TCS in ascending aorta (TCSasc) and descending aorta (TCSdesc) were determined and compared between the two patient groups. Results: TCSasc was significantly higher in the FH group when compared to the NFH group (30.6 59 vs 4.7 13.4, p 0.001. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, history of diabetes mellitus and LDL cholesterol levels, FH gene mutation was an independent risk factor of having non-zero TCSasc 3.6 (95% CI, 1.4 -9.5, p 0.01), high TCSasc 9.6 (95% CI, 2.4 -38.2, p 0.01) and high CCS of 4.1 (95% CI, 1.2 -13.2. p 0.05). Conclusion: We found that when computed tomography calcium scores were used as an assessment, patients with familial hypercholesterolemia displayed an increased burden of ascending aorta atherosclerosis when compared to patients with nonfamilial severe hypercholesterolemia. This phenomenon appears to be more dependent on the presence of FH genotype than hypercholesterolemia itself. See

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A Comparative Study of Cerebral Atherosclerosis in Males and Females

Cited by 66 publications

References 29 publications

Therapeutic Methods Against Insulin Resistance

Therapeutic Methods Against Insulin Resistance

Geographic and Sex Difference in the Distribution of Intracranial Atherosclerosis in China

Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Using Computed Tomography Calcium Scores in Patients with Familial and Nonfamilial Hypercholesterolemia

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