A Comparative Study of Axis I Antecedents before Age 18 of Unipolar Depression, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia

Rubino, I. Alex; Frank, Ellen; Nanni, Roberta Croce; Pozzi, Daniela; Scalea, Teresa Lanza di; Siracusano, Alberto

doi:10.1159/000232975

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In the prospective longitudinal study of KimCohen et al [15] , more than 50% of adults with schizophrenia met the criteria for another psychiatric disorder in early adolescence, and ADHD, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder were, among them, the most frequently reported. Moreover, a retrospective study performed by Rubino et al [16] found that a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood was most predictive of schizophrenia in adulthood compared to unipolar depression. Followup studies focusing on adult outcome of childhood ADHD [17,18] confirmed that youth with ADHD constitute a high risk group for developing a wide range of psychiatric diseases [17] , and that children and adolescents with ADHD were 4.3 times more likely to develop schizophrenia later in adulthood compared to controls [18] .…”

Section: Clinical Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Raising attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in schizophrenia

Pallanti

Salerno

2015

WJP

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Schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two psychiatric disorders with a negative impact on quality of life of individuals affected. Although they are classified into distinct disorders categories, attentional dysfunction is considered as a core feature in both conditions, either at the clinical then pathophysiological level. Beyond the obvious clinical overlap between these disorders, the Research Domain Criteria approach might offer an interesting perspective for disentangling common circuits underpinning both disorders. Hence, we review evidences regarding the overlap between schizophrenia and ADHD, at the clinical level, and at the level of underlying brain mechanisms. The evidence regarding the influence of environmental risk factors in the emergence of both disorders, and their developmental trajectories is also reviewed. Among these, we will try to elucidate the complex relationship between stimulants use and psychotic symptoms, discussing the potential role of ADHD medication in inducing psychosis or in exacerbating it. We aim that, taken together, these findings may promote further investigation with important implications both for clinicians and research. In fact, considering the amounting evidence on the overlap between schizophrenia and ADHD, the delineation of their boundaries might help in the decision for diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, it may help to promote interventions focused on the prevention of both schizophrenia and ADHD, by the reduction of recognized environmental risk factors.Key words: Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity; Central nervous system stimulants; Psychotic disorders; Schizophrenia; Toxic psychoses © The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. Core tip:In line with the translational approach of viewing disorders in terms of dysregulation of brain basic mechanisms, there is increasing evidence of overlap between different mental disorders. Here, we explore relationships between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, in light of recent insights into potential common etiological mechanisms explaining some of the observed overlap in both disorders. Using evidence from clinical epidemiology and neuropsychology, we propose a biologically-based reconsideration of these brain diseases. We have also summarized environmental risk factors for both disorders, aiming to promote awareness REVIEW Submit a

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Section: Clinical Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Raising attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in schizophrenia

Pallanti

Salerno

2015

WJP

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“…Prevalence estimations of OCS in samples at ultra high risk for psychosis [54,55] or in first episode patients (FEP) [56] are considerably lower. Reported comorbidity rates range from 7% in a sample of 200 FEPs [42] over 9.3% in 193 [57] up to 14% in 50 FEPs [56].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Clozapine-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review

Schirmbeck¹,

Zink

2012

110

104

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is rarely associated with schizophrenia, whereas 20 to 30% of schizophrenic patients, suffer from comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS). So far no single pathogenetic theory convincingly explained this fact suggesting heterogeneous subgroups. Based on long-term case observations, one hypothesis assumes that second-onset OCS in the course of schizophrenia might be a side effect of second generation antipsychotics (SGA), most importantly clozapine (CLZ). This review summarizes the supporting epidemiological and pharmacological evidence: Estimations on prevalence of OCS increase in more recent cross-sectional studies and in later disease stages. Longitudinal observations report the de novo-onset of OCS under clozapine treatment. This association has not been reported with first generation antipsychotics (FGA) or SGAs with mainly dopaminergic mode of action. Finally, significant correlations of OCS-severity with duration of treatment, dose and serum levels suggest clozapine-induced OCS. However, supposed causal interactions need further verifications. It is also unclear, which neurobiological mechanisms might underlie the pathogenetic process. Detailed genotypic and phenotypic characterizations of schizophrenics with comorbid OCS regarding neurocognitive functioning and activation in sensitive tasks of functional magnetic imaging are needed. Multimodal large-scaled prospective studies are necessary to define patients at risk for second-onset OCS and to improve early detection and therapeutic interventions.

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“…For example, childhood ADHD is associated with adult onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder [33]. Concordant with this finding, attentional impairment is a core deficit in schizophrenia [34], and there is strong evidence that it is an endophenotype of the disorder [35,36].…”

Section: Diagnosis and Treatment Of Attention Disordersmentioning

confidence: 85%

A Top–Down and Bottom–Up Component of Visual Attention

Wasserman

Bolbecker

et al. 2010

Cogn Comput

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A new constituent of visual attention theory is proposed based on research in an animal model system. That showed that the neuromodulators released by efference from that animal's brain can accelerate or retard the potentials produced by visual stimulation of that animal's photoreceptors. Such a possibility has never been considered in human behavioral research even though it has been clearly demonstrated that attention can alter the temporal window of visual perception. We therefore propose that attention theory should include new top-down and bottom-up components (TBC) with a top-down component that involves efferents that go from the brain to the photoreceptors and a bottom-up component that involves consequent neuromodulatory alterations of the timing of the afferent photoreceptor potentials evoked by light stimuli. Not long ago, it would have been infeasible to test the validity of TBC in humans. However, newly developed multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) technology makes it possible to obtain comfortable and objective measures of the timing of human retinal potentials while obtaining quantitative behavioral measures of both the observer's state of attention and of visual performance. If the present prediction is confirmed by such measures, it would allow the mfERG technique to be used for both the objective diagnosis of and the quantitative evaluation of treatments for a variety of attention disorders. These would include attention deficit hyperactivity disorders as well as several psychoses that involve attentional difficulties. The costs of testing TBC are modest; the potential benefits of applying this neurocomputational technology to assist sufferers could be substantial.

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A Comparative Study of Axis I Antecedents before Age 18 of Unipolar Depression, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia

Cited by 39 publications

References 89 publications

Raising attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in schizophrenia

Raising attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in schizophrenia

Clozapine-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review

A Top–Down and Bottom–Up Component of Visual Attention

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