“…On the other hand, test designers can create test oracles from formal methods or specifications (Figure 4b) (AICHERNIG et al, 2009;ZHANG, 2003;SUBRAMANIAM, 2002;D'SOUZA;GOPINATHAN, 2006;GIANNAKOPOULOU et al, 2011). Regarding most sophisticated cases, test oracles can place into service test data inputs to derive expected outputs of the SUT ( Figure 4c) (SANGWAN; BHATIA; SINGH, 2011;IBRAHIM, 2010b;IBRAHIM, 2010a;VANMALI;LAST;KANDEL, 2002;RAUF et al, 2010). Finally, as we already mentioned, one can consider the human oracles, where testers can use their own knowledge about the SUT to check if outputs are in accordance with specifications ( Figure 4d) (AFSHAN; MCMINN; STEVENSON, 2013;HOOK;KELLY, 2009;HARMAN, 2010;SNEED, 1988).…”