A Comparative Review of Electrolytes for Organic‐Material‐Based Energy‐Storage Devices Employing Solid Electrodes and Redox Fluids

Abstract

Figure 8. Voltage excursion of PTMA during 11 daysofs elf-discharge tests in 1, 2a nd 3 m Py 14 BF 4 in PC. 1 m losesa ll chargea fter 5days, 2 m after 9days, 3 m is able to deliver residualcharge after 11 daysofs elf-discharge. Figure 9. a) The formation of aliquid mixture of 4-methoxy-TEMPOa nd LiTFSI (MTLT; 1:1) at room temperature.b )V oltage profilesa nd cycling stability of as tatic cell with ac atholyte consisting of MTLT + 17 wt %H 2 Ov ersus aLia node. c) The corresponding flow cell setup and charge/discharge behavior.Reproduced from Ref. [102]with permission. Copyright 2015, Wiley.Figure 10. a) ESW as af unction of the temperature of 10 m [BMIm]Cl/H 2 O supporting electrolyte. b) Redox flow cell tests at À32 and À20 8Cbyu sing Ni phthalocyanineanolyte and FeCl 2 catholyte. CE = coulombic efficiency, VE = voltage efficiency, EE = energye fficiency.Reproducedf rom Ref. [121] with permission.

A Critical Analysis about the Underestimated Role of the Electrolyte in Batteries Based on Organic Materials

“…This review is dedicated to the recent advances which have been made on the development of electrolytes for batteries based on organic materials. It is worth mentioning that very recently a review paper dedicated to electrolytes for organic materials based energy stored devices has been published . The present work differs from this latter review, as it considers and analyses in more detail the electrolytes especially developed for batteries containing organic active electrode.…”

Solid Electrolytes for High‐Temperature Stable Batteries and Supercapacitors

“…), and garnet‐type materials (e.g., Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , etc. ); [ 39,48 ] prospects of hydroborate electrolytes; [ 92 ] thermal/chemical expansion of CEs; [ 93 ] computational surveys of electrode/electrolyte interface; [ 94 ] electrolytes for organic material‐based energy storage; [ 95 ] NASICON‐type SEs; [ 96 ] electrolytes for Ca‐based batteries; [ 97 ] configuration of electrolytes for fast charging Li batteries; [ 98 ] high‐voltage electrolytes for aqueous energy storage; [ 99 ] modeling of ILEs; [ 100 ] electrolytes for magnesium–sulfur batteries [ 101 ] /magnesium batteries; [ 102 ] electrolytes for Li–sulfur batteries; [ 103 ] sulfide materials; [ 104,105 ] ionogels (immobilization of ILs in a solid matrix (e.g., ZrO 2 , SiO 2 , multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), MOFs, COFs); [ 106 ] nanohybrid electrolytes; [ 107 ] vanadium electrolytes; [ 108 ] low‐temperature solid oxide; [ 109 ] hydrogels (e.g., polyacrylamides (PAMs), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose, etc. ); [ 110 ] salt‐concentrated battery electrolytes; [ 111 ] and electrolytes for high‐temperature ammonia production.…”

“…); [78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91] novel concepts of electrolytes; [23] ion transport mechanism of inorganic SEs; [38] fundamentals of inorganic SEs; [57] SEs for solid-state Li batteries; [54] explosion features of carbonate LEs; [29] perspectives of CPEs (e.g., lithium phosphorus oxynitride, sodium superionic conductors (NASICON)), Li-ion conductors, perovskites (LaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , Li 3 La 2/3x TiO 3 , etc. ), sulfides (e.g., Li [39,48] prospects of hydroborate electrolytes; [92] thermal/chemical expansion of CEs; [93] computational surveys of electrode/electrolyte interface; [94] electrolytes for organic material-based energy storage; [95] NASICON-type SEs; [96] electrolytes for Ca-based batteries; [97] configuration of electrolytes for fast charging Li batteries; [98] high-voltage electrolytes for aqueous energy storage; [99] modeling of ILEs; [100] electrolytes for magnesium-sulfur batteries [101] /magnesium batteries; [102] electrolytes for Li-sulfur batteries; [103] sulfide materials; [104,105] ionogels (immobilization of ILs in a solid matrix (e.g., ZrO 2 , SiO 2 , multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), MOFs, COFs); [106] nanohybrid electrolytes; [107] vanadium electrolytes; [108] lowtemperature solid oxide;…”

Microporous Organic Polymers: A Synthetic Platform for Engineering Heterogeneous Carbocatalysts

“…Moreover, the chemical composition and global morphology of the porous polymers can be precisely controlled on the atomic scale using many building blocks and synthetic chemistry, [16] in which the intrinsic doping with heteroatoms from select monomers of interest can simultaneously afford the desired surface functionality in the resultant carbonaceous materials. As a remarkable example, conjugated microporous polymers have been used as the precursors for carbonization; the resultant carbonaceous materials have recently shown potential in energy storage or molecular separation [17] . However, carbonaceous materials obtained from microporous polymers are still rare given the number of porous polymers and have been seldom used in carbocatalysis [18,19] …”

“…As a remarkable example, conjugated microporous polymers have been used as the precursors for carbonization; the resultant carbonaceous materials have recently shown potential in energy storage or molecular separation. [17] However, carbonaceous materials obtained from microporous polymers are still rare given the number of porous polymers and have been seldom used in carbocatalysis. [18,19] In this study, we demonstrate the capability of microporous networks in the design of carbocatalysts by exploiting their carbon-rich nature and flexible synthesis.…”